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Biogenic synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles mediated from Borassus flabellifer (Linn): antioxidant, antimicrobial activity against clinical pathogens, and photocatalytic degradation activity with molecular modeling

  • Research on Sustainable Developments for Environment Management
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Abstract

Borassus flabellifer leaf extract has been used for rapid biogenic synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) due to rich source of bioactive compounds. The synthesized ZnO-NPs were preliminarily confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy adsorption peak range at 365 nm. The XRD (X-ray diffraction) confirms purity of ZnO-NPs that were crystalline in nature. The analysis of FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy) confirms the presence of the following functional group such as alcohol, phenols, carboxylic acids, primary amides, secondary amides, and alkyl halide. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) analysis indicated that ZnO-NPs were in spherical shape, followed by EDX analysis which confirmed the presence of Zn-element. Antimicrobial effect of ZnO-NPs was investigated using different clinical pathogens like bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fungi Aspergillus flavus, Candida albicans, and Penicillium expansum which confirmed ZnO-NPs efficiency as an antimicrobial agent. ZnO-NP antimicrobial efficiency was observed in higher zone of inhibition at 50 μg/mL concentrations. Antioxidant activity was ascertained to be used for several biomedical applications. The ZnO-NPs efficiently degraded the environmental toxic dyes (methylene blue and crystal violet) under sunlight, and up to 95% higher degradation was achieved in both dyes. In support of photo light degradation, the study was progressed to understand the ZnO-dye interaction stability using molecular mechanism, and it shows efficient bonding features in the NPs environment. Overall, this investigation has great potential for being an effective and eco-friendly material used in environmental applications.

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The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Periyar University, India, for providing the necessary facility and also grateful to the Sejong University, Republic of Korea, for their support of instrumental analysis facility. All the authors were grateful and extended their appreciation to the authorities for their support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Biotechnology, School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand

    Dharman Kalaimurugan

  2. Department of Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636011, India

    Dharman Kalaimurugan, Kaliannan Durairaj, Palaniappan Sivasankar & Srinivasan Venkatesan

  3. Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio-Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636011, India

    Kandhasamy Lalitha, Kannan Nithya & Muthugoundar Subramanian Shivakumar

  4. Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea

    Kaliannan Durairaj

  5. Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea

    Sungkwon Park & Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan

  6. Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, P.R. China

    Wen-Chao Liu

Authors
  1. Dharman Kalaimurugan
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  2. Kandhasamy Lalitha
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  3. Kaliannan Durairaj
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  4. Palaniappan Sivasankar
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  5. Sungkwon Park
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  6. Kannan Nithya
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  7. Muthugoundar Subramanian Shivakumar
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  8. Wen-Chao Liu
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  9. Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan
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  10. Srinivasan Venkatesan
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Contributions

Conceptualization: B.B. and S.V.

Methodology: D.K., K.L., K.D., P.S., and K.N.

Analysis: K.D. and M.S.S.

Data curation: P.S., D.K., B.B., and D.K.

Writing-original draft preparation: D.K. and B.B.

Data interpretation and review: S.P. and W.L.

Writing-review and editing: B.B. and S.V.

Supervision and project administration: S.V.

All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Balasubramanian Balamuralikrishnan or Srinivasan Venkatesan.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues

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Highlights

• Borassus flabellifer leaf is used for synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs).

• The ZnO-NPs synthesized material was characterized by UV spectra, XRD, FE-SEM, and EDX.

• B. flabellifer leaf extract and its derived Zn-NPs have been tested for their antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activity.

• In backing of photocatalytic study, proceeded to in silico docking analysis.

• These simple biological approaches are non-toxic, environmentally safe, and cost efficient.

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Kalaimurugan, D., Lalitha, K., Durairaj, K. et al. Biogenic synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles mediated from Borassus flabellifer (Linn): antioxidant, antimicrobial activity against clinical pathogens, and photocatalytic degradation activity with molecular modeling. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 86308–86319 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18074-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18074-1

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