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Road dust–driven elemental distribution in megacity Dhaka, Bangladesh: environmental, ecological, and human health risks assessment

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Abstract

Road dust, which reflects ambient air quality, receives various pollutants including toxic metal(oid)s from several natural and/or anthropogenic sources. This manuscript reports a comprehensive evaluation of the levels of seventeen metal(oid)s in road dust of a megacity (Dhaka, Bangladesh). Different evaluation approaches were implemented including statistical analysis and GIS mapping, besides environmental, ecological, and human health risk indices. From 30 sampling sites, representative samples were collected, which were analyzed by neutron activation analysis. The average concentrations (± SD) of Na, Mg, Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Zn, As, Rb, Sb, Cs, Ba, and W were 11,738 ± 560 µg g−1, 12,410 ± 1249 µg g−1, 62,127 ± 5937 µg g−1, 8.89 ± 0.47 µg g−1, 5224 ± 1244 µg g−1, 66 ± 8 µg g−1, 66.7 ± 6.9 µg g−1, 547 ± 110 µg g−1, 25,150 ± 1723 µg g−1, 8.39 ± 0.65 µg g−1, 125 ± 17 µg g−1, 3.63 ± 0.56 µg g−1, 87 ± 9 µg g−1, 0.75 ± 0.28 µg g−1, 4.40 ± 0.48 µg g−1, 397 ± 87 µg g−1, and 3.82 ± 1.77 µg g−1, respectively. The distance-based redundancy analysis showed that the northern region was enriched with Na, Mn, Al, Fe, Zn, and Rb, while the southern region was enriched with Fe, Al, Ti, Cr, and Mg. The GIS mapping shows hot spots of Sc, Cr, Zn, and Cs were observed mostly in heavy traffic areas. Significant positive correlations of Fe-Sc, Al–Mg, V-Mg, V-Al, Cs-Rb, Cs-Sc, Rb-Sc, As-Na, and Cs-Rb invoked their inter-dependency and persistence in road dust. Depending on a set of environmental and ecological index–based calculation, the degree of metal(oid) pollution followed the descending order as W > Sb > Zn > Cr > As > Ti > Sc > V, while no pollution was recorded by Mn, Fe, Al, Rb, Cs, Co, and Ba. Importantly, the total hazard index values for adults and children were higher than unity, indicating potential non-carcinogenic health risks from exposure of road dust. Furthermore, the total carcinogenic risks from Cr and As through ingestion and dermal contact exceeded the standard guideline values. The implementation of different evaluation approaches strengthens the findings of metal(oid) source apportionment.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Source identification of the road dust elements and their existing co-occurrence in the sampling areas. The size of the node in the co-occurring network indicated the concentration of the element

Fig. 5

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Change history

  • 29 November 2021

    Citation change in Supplementary Tables 2 and 3.

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful to the technical personnel associated with this study, especially to the persons involved in the TRIGA Mark-II research reactor operation at the Center for Research Reactor, AERE, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission.

Funding

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through the Group Research Project under grant number (R.G.P.2/33/42).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Emergency Management, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, 8602, Patuakhali, Bangladesh

    Tapos Kormoker & Ayesha Akter

  2. Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh

    Md. Humayun Kabir, Rifat Shahid Shammi & Md. Eusuf Sarker

  3. Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh

    Rahat Khan & Umma Tamim

  4. Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, 8602, Patuakhali, Bangladesh

    Md. Saiful Islam

  5. Aquatic Eco-Health Group, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China

    Mamun Abdullah Al

  6. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Mamun Abdullah Al & Ram Proshad

  7. Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, 4331, Bangladesh

    Mamun Abdullah Al

  8. Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China

    Ram Proshad

  9. Department of Microbiology, BRAC University, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh

    Md. Tajul Islam Taj

  10. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 9004, Saudi Arabia

    Abubakr M. Idris

  11. Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia

    Abubakr M. Idris

Authors
  1. Tapos Kormoker
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  2. Md. Humayun Kabir
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  3. Rahat Khan
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  8. Umma Tamim
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  9. Md. Eusuf Sarker
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  10. Md. Tajul Islam Taj
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  11. Ayesha Akter
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  12. Abubakr M. Idris
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Contributions

Tapos Kormoker: conceptualization, methodology, sample collection and processing, data curation, data analyses, and writing and preparation of the original draft. Md. Humayan Kabir: sample collection and processing, data curation, data analyses, and writing and preparation of the original draft. Rahat Khan and Md. Saiful Islam: laboratory analysis, visualization, investigation, and supervision. Rifat Shahid Shammi: sample collection and processing, reviewing, and editing. Mamun Abdullah Al and Ram Proshad: validation, data analyses, and writing which included reviewing and editing. Umma Tamim: laboratory analysis. Md. Eusuf Sarker and Md. Tajul Islam Taj: data checking and validation. Ayesha Akter: resources. Abubakr M. Idris: writing which included reviewing and editing.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Tapos Kormoker, Rahat Khan or Abubakr M. Idris.

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Kormoker, T., Kabir, M., Khan, R. et al. Road dust–driven elemental distribution in megacity Dhaka, Bangladesh: environmental, ecological, and human health risks assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 22350–22371 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17369-7

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