Abstract
In recent years, the sustainable development of islands has attracted increasing attention from countries all over the world. An important prerequisite for promoting sustainable development is to understand the foundation and sustainable development potential of islands. Constructing index systems and models is an important means of evaluating the sustainability of islands. This study used factor analysis (FA) to construct an indicator system and set weights. Thirty-eight indicators were set from both natural and social directions to evaluate the sustainable development of seven typical islands in China. The FA removed the 10 indicators that were too relevant, and the 28 effective indicators were reduced into 9 main factors for evaluation. The results showed that the evaluation results are in line with the actual development of the island, which verifies the applicability of the model to different types of islands. The study also found that the changing trends of island social sustainability, tourism sustainability, ecological sustainability, resource sustainability, and economic sustainability are consistent. The value of fully balanced islands is higher than that of unbalanced or undeveloped islands. Among the seven islands, social islands have the highest total value, and ecological islands have the lowest total value.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
In this study, the environmental data of the seven islands mainly come from two kinds of websites (Table 2). One is the official website of local government, including the municipal government official website and the district government official website, and the other is the local tourism website. Among them, most of the indicator data come from the statistical yearbook on the government website. The datasets of both websites are open to public readers.
References
Baldacchino G (2006) Managing the hinterland beyond: two ideal-type strategies of economic development for small island territories. Asia Pacific Viewpoint 47(1):45–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8373.2006.00295.x
Bopp F, Biggs RB (1981) Metals in estuarine sediments: factor analysis and its environmental significance. Science 214(4519):441–3. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.214.4519.441
Brauko KM, Cabral A, Costa NV, Hayden J, Dias CEP, Leite ES, Westphal RD, Mueller CM, Hall-Spencer JM, Rodrigues RR, Rorig LR, Pagliosa PR, Fonseca AL, Alarcon OE, Hortat PA (2020) Marine Heatwaves, Sewage and eutrophication combine to trigger deoxygenation and biodiversity loss: a SW Atlantic case study. Front Mar Sci 7:590258. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2020.590258
Burgass MJ, Halpern BS, Nicholson E, Milner-Gulland EJ (2017) Navigating uncertainty in environmental composite indicators. Ecol Indic 75:268–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.034
Charnes A, Cooper WW, Rhodes E (1979) Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. Eur J Oper Res 2:429–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
Che GW, Wang ZM, Yang ZL (2021) Construction and application of a comprehensive coordination and cross-efficiency sustainable development evaluation model: a case study of 31 provinces and regions in China. Environ Dev Sustain 23(1):151–171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-019-00571-6
Chen QH, Dong HN (2019) Sustainable development indicator systems for island cities: the case of zhoushan maritime garden city. Island Stud J 14(2):137–156. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.103
Chen SY (2011) Interests and strategy value evaluation of Nansha Islands based on SAVEE. Chin Fish Econ 29(03):63–67 (CNKI:SUN:ZYJJ.0.2011-03-012)
Dai D, Sun MD, Xu XQ, Lei K (2019) Assessment of the water resource carrying capacity based on the ecological footprint: a case study in Zhangjiakou City, North China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(11):11000–11011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04414-9
del Rio-Rama MD, Maldonado-Erazo CP, Alvarez-Garcia J, Duran-Sanchez A (2020) Cultural and natural resources in tourism island: bibliometric mapping. Sustainability 12(2):724. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12020724
Dimitriadou S, Katsanou K, Stratikopoulos K, Lambrakis N (2019) Investigation of the chemical processes controlling the groundwater quality of Ilia Prefecture. Environ Earth Sci 78(14):401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8402-1
Dinno A (2009) Implementing Horn’s parallel analysis for principal component analysis and factor analysis. Stata J 9(2):291–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0900900207
Douglas CH (2006) Small island states and territories: sustainable development issues and strategies - challenges for changing islands in a changing world. Sustain Dev 14(2):75–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.297
Fang K, Zhang Q, Yu H, Wang Y, Dong L, Shi L (2018) Sustainability of the use of natural capital in a city: measuring the size and depth of urban ecological and water footprints. Sci Total Environ 631–632:476–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.299
Fiala N (2008) Measuring sustainability: Why the ecological footprint is bad economics and bad environmental science. Ecol Econ 67(4):519–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.07.023
Fu YP, Ma SC (2016) Capacity for urban resource environment and its evaluation:taking 15 vice provincial cities of China for example. Urban Problems (2):36-40. https://doi.org/10.13239/j.bjsshkxy.cswt.160204
Gao S, Sun H, Zhao L, Wang R, Xu M, Cao G (2019) Dynamic assessment of island ecological environment sustainability under urbanization based on rough set, synthetic index and catastrophe progression analysis theories. Ocean Coast Manag 178:104790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.04.017
Gilman E, Owens M, Kraft T (2014) Ecological risk assessment of the Marshall islands longline tuna fishery. Marine Policy 44:239–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2013.08.029
Hafezi M, Giffin AL, Alipour M, Sahin O, Stewart RA (2020) Mapping long-term coral reef ecosystems regime shifts: a small island developing state case study. Sci Total Environ 716:137024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137024
He CY, Wang JQ, Yan XJ, Meng KH (2020) Assessing development intensity and ecological risk of islands on the eastern coast of China: promotion of refined classification management. Ocean Coast Manag 198:105318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105318
He J, Wang X (2020) The United Nations in Global Ocean Governance: role, dilemma and solution. China Int Stud 4:174-192. (CNKI:SUN:CISY.0.2020-04-011)
Huang SL, Wong JH, Chen TC (1998) A framework of indicator system for measuring Taipei’s urban sustainability. Landsc Urban Plan 42:15–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2046(98)00054-1
Hwang J, Ko K (2018) The effect of non-resident jejurian’s regional attachment on the attitude toward tourism development in Jeju Island: focused on the mediating effect of regional identity. Tour Res 43(03):229–248. https://doi.org/10.32780/ktidoi.2018.43.3.229
Karampela S, Papazoglou C, Kizos T, Spilanis I (2017) Sustainable local development on aegean islands: a meta-analysis of the literature. Island Stud J 12(1):71–94. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.6
Karcher DB, Fache E, Breckwoldt A, Govan H, Sabinot C (2020) Trends in south pacific fisheries management. Mar Policy 118:104021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104021
Ke LN, Wang QM, Gai M, Zhou HC (2014) Assessing seawater quality with a variable fuzzy recognition model. Chin J Oceanol Limnol 32(003):645–655. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-014-3117-3
Ke LN, Wang QM, Li YH, Cao YQ (2013) The evaluation model of island sustainable development based on multi-objective variable fuzzy set theory——Taking Changhai County in Liaoning Province as an example. J Nat Resour 28(05):832–843. https://doi.org/10.11849/zrzyxb.2013.05.012
Kim SP (2020) Mainland development policy in an autonomous subnational island jurisdiction: spatial development and economic dependence in jeju, south korea. Island Stud J 15(1):169–184. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.76
Li JK, Wang GC (2004) Establishment and discussion of appraisement indicators system ofIslands stainable development. Mar Environ Sci 1:54-57. (CNKI:SUN:HYHJ.0.2004-01-016)
Li XJ, Chen LL, Zhou ZQ, Li BQ, Liu X, Yang LF, Liu B, Song B (2020) Spatio-temporal variation of subtidal macrobenthic fauna and the ecological assessment of Longkou Artificial Island construction in Bohai Sea, China. J Oceanol Limnol 06:1811–1824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-019-9098-5
Liao MS, Liu Y (2019) Development and theoretical evolution of National Maritime Strategies since the Founding of PRC. Pac J 27(012):88–97. https://doi.org/10.14015/j.cnki.1004-8049.2019.12.008
Liu C, Cui WL, Zhu ZT, Ye F, Yu XJ (2018) Study on the technical methods of the delineation of island ecological red lines. Acta Ecol Sin 38(23):8564–8573. https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201712132243
Liu JY, Ren WZ, Zhang J, Mou DG (2021) Research on island ecological assets valuation based on land and sea coordination:a case study of Weizhou lsland in Guangxi. Ecol Econ 37(06):32-37+43 (CNKI:SUN:STJJ.0.2021-06-008)
Liu SG, Shang YS, Yin P (2020) An empirical study on the coupling and coordination of tourism efficiency and economic growth in island counties of China. Chin Fish Econ 38(03):75–83 (CNKI:SUN:ZYJJ.0.2020-03-010)
Liu X, Wang S, Jiang Y, Sun Y, Li J, Zhang G (2017) Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenylethers in soils from planted forests and adjacent natural forests on a tropical island. Environ Pollut 227:57–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.042
Long XY, Yu HJ, Sun MX, Wang XC, Klemes JJ, Xie W, Wang CD, Li WQ, Wang YT (2020) Sustainability evaluation based on the three-dimensional ecological footprint and human development index: a case study on the four island regions in China. J Environ Manag 265:110509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110509
Mauthoor S (2017) Uncovering industrial symbiosis potentials in a small island developing state: the case study of mauritius. J Clean Product 147:506–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.01.138
Mikulic J, Kozic I, Kresic D (2015) Weighting indicators for tourism sustainability: a critical note. Ecol Indic 48:312–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.08.026
Miller P, de Barros AG, Kattan L, Wirasinghe SC (2017) Managing uncertainty in the application of composite sustainability indicators to transit analysis. Transp Res Procedia 25:4003–4018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.251
Moreno PS (2005) Ecotourism along the meso-american caribbean reef: the impacts of foreign investment. Hum Ecol 33(2):217–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-005-2433-9
Nesticò A, Maselli G (2020) Sustainability indicators for the economic evaluation of tourism investments on islands. J Clean Product 248:119217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119217
Ni SK (2002) Comparison of 7 methods for determining the weights of evaluation indicators. South China J Prevent Med 28(006):54–55. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1671-5039.2002.06.022
Opon J, Henry M (2020) A multicriteria analytical framework for sustainability evaluation under methodological uncertainties. Environ Impact Assess Rev 83:106403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2020.106403
Pan CY, Li L, Zhou ZJ, Jin SP, Wang KN, Feng T (2018) Design essentials for small desalination devices. Water Purif Technol 37(z1):149–151. https://doi.org/10.15890/j.cnki.Jsjs.2018.s1.039
Peng T, Deng HW (2020) Comprehensive evaluation for sustainable development based on relative resource carrying capacity-a case study of Guiyang, Southwest China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(16):20090–20103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08426-8
Petridis P, Fischer-Kowalski M, Singh SJ, Noll D (2017) The role of science in sustainability transitions: citizen science, transformative research, and experiences from Samothraki island, Greece. Island Stud J 12(1):115–134. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.8
Rajak S, Parthiban P, Dhanalakshmi R (2016) Sustainable transportation systems performance evaluation using fuzzy logic. Ecol Indic 71:503–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.07.031
Rees WE (1996) Revisiting carrying capacity: area-based indicators of sustainability. Popul Environ 17:195–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02208489
Rigg GB, Richardson CT (1934) The development of sphagnum bogs in the san juan islands. Am J Bot 21(10):610–622. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1934.tb04990.x
Russell DW (2002) In search of underlying dimensions: the use (and abuse) of factor analysis in Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Personal Soc Psychol Bull 28(12):1629–1646. https://doi.org/10.1177/014616702237645
Sealey KS, Lennon E, Patus J (2020) A Hurricane Rapid Ecological Assessment (H-REA) method for small island developing states in 2017 and beyond. Estuaries Coasts 43(5):1284–1297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00646-7
Shaker RR, Sirodoev IG (2016) Assessing sustainable development across Moldova using household and property composition indicators. Habitat Int 55:192–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2016.03.005
Shen WZ (1995) The historical evolution of China’s island development. Ocean Dev Manag 6(02):56–61 (CNKI:SUN:HKGL.0.1995-02-017)
Shi XF, Sun H, Long C, He WH (2015) Investigation on the status quo and countermeasures of inhabited islands in Guangdong Province. Ocean Dev Manag 32(01):41–48. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1005-9857.2015.01.011
Singh RK, Murty HR, Gupta SK, Dikshit AK (2009) An overview of sustainability assessment methodologies. Ecol Indic 9:281–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.05.011
Tang J, Zhu HL, Liu Z, Jia F, Zheng XX (2019) Urban sustainability evaluation under the modified TOPSIS based on grey relational analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16(2):256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020256
Tanguay GA, Rajaonson J, Lefebvre JF, Lanoie P (2010) Measuring the sustainability of cities: an analysis of the use of local indicators. Ecol Indic 10:407–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.07.013
Tilley A, Wilkinson SP, Kolding J, Lopez-Angarita J, Pereira M, Mills DJ (2019) Nearshore fish aggregating devices show positive outcomes for sustainable fisheries development in Timor-Leste. Front Mar Sci 6:487. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2019.00487
Tokusige E (1939) Shore-line development along the coast of ogi, sado island. Geogr Rev Jpn 15(11):795–806. https://doi.org/10.4157/grj.15.11_795
Towns DR, Ballantine WJ (1993) Conservation and restoration of New Zealand Island ecosystems. Elsevier Curr Trends 8(12):452–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(93)90009-E
Wang HZ, Luan WX, Li PJ, Wang YW (2006) Ocean commmunication’s evolvement, impetus and regulation in Changshan Isiands. Pac J 04:67–75. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-8049.2006.04.010
Watson R, Thompson DR (2006) Use of FACTOR ANALYSis in Journal of Advanced Nursing: literature review. J Adv Nurs 55(3):330–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03915.x
Wu J, Liang L, Zha Y, Yang F (2009) Determination of cross-efficiency under the principle of rank priority in cross-evaluation. Expert Syst Appl 36:4826–4829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2008.05.042
Xu CB, Li X, Wu XH (2020) Evaluation of island tourism sustainable development in the context of smart tourism. J Coast Res 103(sp1):1098. https://doi.org/10.2112/SI103-229.1
Yang C, Zeng W, Yang X (2020) Coupling coordination evaluation and sustainable development pattern of geo-ecological environment and urbanization in Chongqing municipality, China. Sustain Cities Soc 61:102271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.102271
Yang JB, Ding H (2018) A quantitative assessment of sustainable development based on relative resource carrying capacity in Jiangsu Province of China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15(12):2786. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122786
Yang SY, Lin GH, Meng K, Xu HF (2019) Review of the construction methods for the performance evaluation index system for clinical pharmacists. China Pharm 22(10):1910–1914 (CNKI:SUN:ZYSG.0.2019-10-037)
You CJ, Hou PX, Deng CF, Zou ML, Li XD, Ma K, Wang JQ, Mei ZW (2015) Comprehensive evaluation on tourism resources in the Xisha Islands. Trop Geogr 35(006):926–933. https://doi.org/10.13284/j.cnki.rddl.002759
Zhang CP, Zheng ZY, Yao SH, Jia HL, Wang L (2020a) Ecological risk of heavy metals in sediment around techeng island special marine reserves in zhanjiang bay. J Ocean Univ China 19(3):561–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-020-4042-z
Zhang H, Liu ZY, Constantinescu E, Jacob R (2020b) Stability analysis of interface conditions for ocean–atmosphere coupling. J Sci Comput 84(3):2484–2512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10915-020-01293-y
Zhang H, Xiao Y (2020) Planning island sustainable development policy based on the theory of ecosystem services: a case study of Zhoushan Archipelago, East China. Island Stud J (15):237-252. https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.105
Zhao J, Shen G, Yan LJ, Huang L, Jin AM, Huo SG (2016) Assessment and spatiotemporal analysis of the ecosystem services value of island:a case study of Jintang Island. Acta Ecol Sin 36(23):7768–7777. https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201511182328
Zhao SD, Zheng Y (2017) A complex model to assess economic growth of China’s island counties:a case study of Changdao County. Sci Manag 37(001):49–53. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-8256.2017.01.008
Zheng J, Pan CH, Yao WW, Mu JB, Zhao X (2020a) Analysis on the current situation and key problems of artificial island development in china. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 50(6):062012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/510/6/062012
Zheng WH, Cai F, Chen SL, Zhu J, Qi HS, Cao HM, Zhao SH (2020b) Beach management strategy for small islands: case studies of china. Ocean Coast Manag 184:104908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104908
Zheng YB, Huang TZ, Zhao XL, Chen Y, He W (2020c) Double-FACTOR-REGULARIZED LOW-RANK TENSOR FACTORIZATION FOR MIXED NOISE REMOVAL IN HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGE. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 58(12):8450–8464. https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2020.2987954
Zhou B, Zhao K, Zhong LS, Chen T, Yu H (2015) Coordinated development evaluation of the ecosystem health and the tourism economy Zhoushan Islands. Acta Ecol Sin 35(10):3437–3446 (CNKI:SUN:STXB.0.2015-10-034)
Zhou FL, Lim MK, He YD, Pratap S (2019) What attracts vehicle consumers’ buying A Saaty scale-based VIKOR (SSC-VIKOR) approach from after-sales textual perspective? Ind Manag Data Syst 120(1):57–78. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-01-2019-0034
Zhou FL, Wang X, Lim MK, He YD, Li LX (2018) Sustainable recycling partner selection using fuzzy DEMATEL-AEW-FVIKOR: a case study in small-and-medium enterprises (SMEs). J Clean Product 196:489–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.247
Zhu WW, Wang HJ (2017) Comprehensive evaluation method and application of regional sustainable development capacity: perspective of slack based network DEA. Environ Sci Technol 40(06):192–200. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1003-6504.2017.06.032
Acknowledgements
Anonymous reviewers are thanked for their reviews of the original manuscript. Professors from the Department of Marine Science and Technology of Tianjin University and experts from the National Marine Data and Information Service are thanked for scoring the qualitative indicators of this evaluation.
Funding
The work is supported by the Research Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (No. 18JZD059) and the Tianjin Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project of China (No. TJKS20XSX-015).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Shaoyang Chen: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, writing-original draft. Na Liu: data curation, formal analysis, funding acquisition, writing-original draft. Li Xiao: supervision, writing-review & editing. Yanwei Gong: supervision, writing-review & editing. Yun Xiao: writing-review & editing.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
All authors are responsible for the article and agree to publish.
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible editor: Marcus Schulz
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Chen, S., Liu, N., Xiao, L. et al. Comprehensive evaluation of environmental dimension reduction of multi-type islands: a sustainable development perspective. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 20947–20962 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17240-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17240-9