Abstract
For the prediction of metal mixture ecotoxicity, the BLM approach is promising since it evaluates the amount of metals accumulated on the biotic ligand on the basis of water chemistry, i.e., species (major cations) competing with metals, and related toxicity. Based on previous work by Farley et al. (2015) (MMME research project), this study aimed at modeling toxicity of Cd:Cu mixtures (0:1 - 1:1 - 1:0 - 1:2 - 1:3 - 2:1 - 3:1 - 4:1 - 5:1 - 6:1) to the crustacean Daphnia magna(48-h immobilization tests) and the microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (72-h growth inhibition tests). The 2012 version of the USGS model was chosen, assuming additivity of effects and accumulation of metals on a single site. The assumption that EDTA could contribute to toxicity through metals complexing was also tested, and potential effects due to reduction of ions Ca2+ absorption by metals were considered. Modeling started with parameter values of Farley et al. (2015) and some of these parameters were adjusted to fit modeled data on observed data. The results show that toxicity can be correctly predicted for the microalgae and that the hypothesis of additivity is verified. For daphnids, the prediction was roughly correct, but taking into account CuEDTA led to more realistic parameter values close to that reported by Farley et al. (2015). However, It seems that, for daphnids responses, metals interact either antagonistically or synergistically depending on the Cu:Cd ratio. Furthermore, synergy could not be explained by additional effects linked to a reduction of Ca absorption since this reduction, mainly due to Cd, increased inversely to synergy. Finally, the USGS model applied to our data was able to predict Cu:Cd mixture toxicity to microalgae and daphnids, giving rise to estimated EC50s roughly reflecting EC50s calculated from observed toxicity.
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Acknowledgements
This work was performed within the framework of the EUR H2O’Lyon (ANR-17-EURE-0018) of Université de Lyon (UdL), within the program “Investissements d’Avenir” operated by the French National Research Agency (ANR). The authors thank Denise BLANC-BISCARAT(DEEP-INSA, Lyon, France) for her contribution on chemical modeling.
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This work was funded by ENTPE and the French Ministry of Ecology (salaries, experimental environment).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Experimental work and preliminary data analyses were carried out by Valentin Bertrand and Bernard Clement. Modeling was done by Vincent Felix and Bernard Clement. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Bernard Clement and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Clément, B., Felix, V. & Bertrand, V. The toxicity of cadmium-copper mixtures on daphnids and microalgae analyzed using the Biotic Ligand Model. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 29285–29295 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16516-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16516-4