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Harmful algal blooms and shellfish in the marine environment: an overview of the main molluscan responses, toxin dynamics, and risks for human health

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Abstract

Besides human health risks, phycotoxins may cause physiological injuries on molluscan shellfish and, consequently, damages to marine ecosystems and global fisheries production. In this way, this review aimed to present an overview of HABs impacts on marine shellfish by evaluating the effects of cultivated molluscs exposure to microalgae and cyanobacteria that form blooms and/or synthesize toxins. More specifically, it was assessed the main molluscan shellfish responses to harmful algae, trophic transfer and dynamics of phycotoxins, and the risks for human health. Of the 2420 results obtained from literature search, 150 scientific publications were selected after thorough inspections for subject adherence. In total, 70 molluscan species and 37 taxa of harmful algae were assessed from retrieved scientific publications. A significant positive correlation was found between the marine production of molluscs and the number of available studies by molluscan category. Molluscan responses to HABs and phycotoxins were categorized and discussed in three sub-sections: effects on grazing and behavior, metabolic and physiological reactions, and fitness consequences. The main histopathological injuries and toxin concentrations in molluscan tissues were also compiled and discussed. Bivalves often accumulate more toxins than gastropods and cephalopods, occasionally exceeding recommended levels for safe consumption, representing a risk for human health. Harmful algae impact on molluscan shellfish are complex to trace and predict; however, considering the perspective of increase in the occurrence and intensity of HABs, the intensification of efforts to expand the knowledge about HABs impacts on marine molluscs is crucial to mitigate the damages on economy and human health.

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All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary material Table S1.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are grateful to Geovanna Theobald Borsato and Rodrigo Almeida F. da Silva for some of the microalga figures (used in Fig. 2) and to anonymous reviewers that contributed for manuscript improvement.

Funding

This study was financially supported by Foundation Carlos Chagas Filho Research Support of the State of Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) through Research Grants attributed to LNS (E-26/202.840/2015; E-26/202.755/2018), by The Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) through Research Grants attributed to LNS (312194/2015-3; 314379/2018-5), and by the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO) – [INOVA UNIRIO IN-01/2019] attributed to RAFN.

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  1. Graduate Program in Neotropical Biodiversity, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil

    Raquel A. F. Neves, Silvia M. Nascimento & Luciano N. Santos

  2. Research Group of Experimental and Applied Aquatic Ecology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 – 307, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil

    Raquel A. F. Neves

  3. Laboratory of Marine Microalgae, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 – 314A, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil

    Silvia M. Nascimento

  4. Laboratory of Theoretical and Applied Ichthyology, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO), Avenida Pasteur, 458 – 314A, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 22.290-240, Brazil

    Luciano N. Santos

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  1. Raquel A. F. Neves
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Conceptualization: RAFN, SMN, LNS; Methodology: RAFN, LNS; Validation: RAFN; Formal analysis: RAFN; Investigation: RAFN; Writing – Original draft: RAFN, SMN, LNS; Writing- Review & editing: RAFN, SMN, LNS; Visualization: RAFN, SMN, LNS.

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Neves, .A.F., Nascimento, S.M. & Santos, L.N. Harmful algal blooms and shellfish in the marine environment: an overview of the main molluscan responses, toxin dynamics, and risks for human health. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 55846–55868 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16256-5

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