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Gibberellic acid and urease inhibitor optimize nitrogen uptake and yield of maize at varying nitrogen levels under changing climate

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Abstract

Worldwide, nitrogen (N) deficiency is the main yield limiting factor owing to its losses via leaching and volatilization. Urease inhibitors slow down urea hydrolysis in soil by inhibiting urease enzyme activities whereas gibberellic acid is growth regulator. That is why, we evaluated the role of urease inhibitor [N-(n-butyl)thiophosphorictriamide (NBPT)] and gibberellic acid (GA3) in improving nitrogen uptake and yield of maize under different N levels (120 and 150 kg ha−1) along with control. Both N levels alone and in combination with GA3 and NBPT significantly increased yield and yield components of maize over control. In addition, 150 kg N ha−1 + NBPT + GA3 produced highest biological, grain, and stover yields, 1000 grain weight, plant height, and N uptake exhibiting 33.15%, 56.46%, 27.56%, 19.56%, 23.24%, and 78% increase over 150 kg N ha−1, respectively. The sole use of gibberellic acid or NBPT with each level of N also improved the yield and yield components of maize compared to sole N application and control. Furthermore, application of 120 kg N ha−1 along with NBPT and GA3 performed at par to 150 kg N ha−1 + NBPT + GA3 but it was superior than sole applied 150 kg N ha−1 for all the studied traits. These results imply that application of GA3 and/or NBPT can reduce dependence on urea and improve the yield and N uptake in maize by slowing urea hydrolysis in calcareous soils and shall be practiced.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan, for providing research facilities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Soil and Environmental Science, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Ikram Ullah, Khadim Dawar, Muhammad Tariq & Muhammad Sharif

  2. Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China

    Shah Fahad

  3. Department of Agronomy, The University of Harripur, Harripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 22620, Pakistan

    Shah Fahad

  4. Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Muhammad Adnan, Haroon Ilahi & Mukhtar Alam

  5. Department of Food Sciences and Technology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Taufiq Nawaz

  6. Department of Agronomy, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Aman Ullah & Muhammad Arif

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  1. Ikram Ullah
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Contributions

Muhammad Adnan and Shah Fahad conceived the idea of the experiment and provided technical guidance. Ikram Ullah, Khadim Dawar, Muhammad Tariq, Muhammad Sharif, Haroon Ilahi, Taufiq Nawaz, and Mukhtar Alam had a major contribution to the overall preparation and carrying out of the research. Amanullah and Muhammad Arif contributed to arranging the data for different attributes and provided support for the experiment. Shah Fahad revised and edited the manuscript and provided technical guidance and editing support.

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Correspondence to Shah Fahad or Muhammad Adnan.

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Ullah, ., Dawar, K., Tariq, M. et al. Gibberellic acid and urease inhibitor optimize nitrogen uptake and yield of maize at varying nitrogen levels under changing climate. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 6568–6577 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16049-w

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