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D-galactose induced dysfunction in mice hippocampus and the possible antioxidant and neuromodulatory effects of selenium

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Abstract

Aging is an ultimate reality that everyone has to face. D-galactose (D-gal) has been used extensively to develop aging model. Trace elements such as selenium (Se) have been used as a potential antioxidant for neuro-protection. The present work aims to develop therapeutic agents such as Se for the treatment of aging-induced neurological ailments such as anxiety, depression, and memory impairment. For this purpose, mice were treated with D-gal at a dose of 300 mg/ml/kg and various doses of Se (0.175 and 0.35mg/ml/kg) for 28 days. Behavioral tests were monitored after treatment days. After the behavioral assessment, mice were decapitated and their brains were collected. Hippocampi were removed from the brain for biochemical, neurochemical, and histopathological analysis. The present findings of behavioral analysis showed that D-gal-induced anxiety- and depression-like symptoms were inhibited by both doses of Se. D-gal-induced memory alteration was also prevented by repeated doses of Se (0.175 and 0.35mg/ml/kg). Biochemical analysis showed that D-gal-induced increase of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and decrease of antioxidant enzymes and total protein contents in the hippocampus were prevented by Se administration. An increase in the activity of acetylcholinesterase was also diminished by Se. The neurochemical assessment showed that D-gal-induced increased serotonin metabolism and decreased acetylcholine levels in the hippocampus were restored by repeated treatment of Se. Histopathological estimations also exhibited; normalization of D-gal induced neurodegenerative changes. It is concluded that D-gal-induced dysfunction in mice hippocampus caused anxiety, depression, memory impairment, oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and histological alterations that were mitigated by Se via its antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory property, and modulating capability of serotonergic and cholinergic functions.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan, for their support.

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  1. Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan

    Noreen Samad & Farheen Hafeez

  2. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan

    Imran Imran

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NS conceived and design research. FH conducted experiments. II provided laboratory for the conduction of experiments. NS wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Noreen Samad.

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Institutional ethical approval (Ref No# Biochem/D/162/2020; Dated: January 2, 2020) was received for the animal experiment from the Department of Biochemistry, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.

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Samad, ., Hafeez, F. & Imran, I. D-galactose induced dysfunction in mice hippocampus and the possible antioxidant and neuromodulatory effects of selenium. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 5718–5735 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16048-x

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