Abstract
Iodine value (IV) is an indicator to evaluate the degree of unsaturation (DU) of biodiesel. It reflects the biodiesel degradation and oxidation stability (OS) and also has an effect on viscosity, low-temperature flow properties (LTFP), and the combustion performance. To construct a theoretical system for the simultaneous optimization of LTFP and OS of biodiesel using IV, 52 measured experimental data are used to investigate the qualitative and quantitative relationship between IV and biodiesel composition. The relationships between biodiesel physicochemical properties and IV are investigated in this work. The qualitative analysis shows that the poly-unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) contribute to an increase in IV, whereas saturated and mono-unsaturated FAMEs decrease IV. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) are used to estimate IV from FAMEs. The correlation coefficient, root mean squared error (RMSE), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) are respectively 0.976, 2.45, and 1.76% for the MLR model and 0.983, 2.14, and 1.57% for the back propagation neural network (BPNN) model; these values indicate the high accuracy of these methods. The performances of the proposed models were compared with three existing IV prediction models and validated by another databank. The results indicate that the application of the developed BPNN model is better and more comprehensive. Additionally, a preliminary conclusion is that biodiesel with a low percentage of both long-chain saturated and poly-unsaturated FAMEs can have solidifying point (SP) and OS in the proper range. Biodiesel with a low IV is generally more combustible and efficient.
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Abbreviations
- ASD:
-
Abrasive spot diameter
- ANN:
-
Artificial neural network
- BPNN:
-
Back propagation neural network
- CME:
-
Canola methyl ester
- CN:
-
Cetane number
- COSME:
-
Camellia oleosa seed methyl ester
- CSME:
-
Cottonseed methyl ester
- FAMEs:
-
Fatty acid methyl esters
- HME:
-
Hogwash oil methyl ester
- IV:
-
Iodine value
- JME:
-
Jatropha methyl ester
- Kv:
-
Kinematic viscosity
- LTFP:
-
Low-temperature flow properties
- MAPE:
-
Mean absolute percentage error
- MLR:
-
Multiple linear regression
- MME:
-
Maize methyl ester
- MSE:
-
Mean squared error
- OME:
-
Olive methyl ester
- OS:
-
Oxidation stability
- OSME:
-
Oryza sativa methyl ester
- PME:
-
Palm methyl ester
- PNME:
-
Peanut methyl ester
- RME:
-
Rapeseed methyl ester
- r:
-
Relevancy factor
- RMSE:
-
Root mean squared error
- RSME:
-
Rubber seed methyl ester
- SBME:
-
Soya bean methyl ester
- SP:
-
Solidifying point
- SSME:
-
Sunflower seed methyl ester
- SV:
-
Saponification value
- ST:
-
Surface tension
- DU:
-
Degree of unsaturation
- IDU:
-
Improved degree of unsaturation
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Acknowledgements
We thank Mr. Bin Li (University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, USA) for his language assistance during the preparation of this manuscript. We also thank Dr. Qingtai Xiao (Kunming University of Science and Technology, China) for providing suggestions during the submission process.
Funding
The authors appreciate the financial supports provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51766007), National Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province (2018FB092), and National Natural Science Foundation of China-Yunnan Joint Fund (U1602272).
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YH performed the iodine value examination of the biodiesels and analyzed and interpreted the relationship between fatty acid methyl ester and iodine value and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. FL conceptualized the methodology. GB reviewed and revised the manuscript, ML provided the language help. HW supervised the whole process. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Huang, Y., Li, F., Bao, G. et al. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the influence of biodiesel fatty acid methyl esters on iodine value. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 2432–2447 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15762-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15762-w