Abstract
Understanding of the plant uptake of ionizable organic compounds is critical to the evaluation of crop contamination, plant protection, and phytoremediation. This study investigated the time-dependent uptake of 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP) by intact wheat seedling roots and subsequent translocation to shoots at pH 5.0 and 8.0. Sorption of DCP by cut roots and shoots at these two pHs was conducted to provide the uptake limits and the Donnan charge. For comparison, sorption was also conducted for 1,3-dichlorobenzene (DCB), a nonionizable compound having a structure similar to that of DCP. The DCB sorption isotherms were linear and independent of pH, yielding a consistent log Klip of 3.56 with both roots and shoots, reflective of the essential dominant role of lipids in plant partition uptake. Whereas the DCP sorption also showed a linear isotherm at pH 5.0 with log Klip = 2.88, the sorption at pH 8.0 was nonlinear with a concave downward shape, especially at low concentrations. With live wheat seedlings, the DCB uptake by roots and the DCB translocation to shoots rapidly approached a steady state, showing no obvious pH effect. On the DCP uptake by live plants, there was a rapid attainment of a steady state in roots at pH 5.0 coupled with a retarded transport to shoots due presumably to the polarity of DCP. At pH 8.0, the root uptake of DCP was comparatively slower and the translocation to shoots was completely inhibited due presumably to DCP ionization. At high pH, DCP was supposedly accumulated in an ionized form in root cells via an ion-trapping mechanism.
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This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21677105), the Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams Program of Jiangsu Province (2018-2017), and the Six Talent Peaks Project of Jiangsu Province (TD-JNHB-003).
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Qi Yu performed the kinetic uptake laboratory work. Anfei He and Dongjin Shi performed the DCP and DCB sorption laboratory work. G. Daniel Sheng, along with Qi Yu, analyzed and interpreted the data in this article. G. Daniel Sheng was a major contributor in obtaining funding, conceptualizing and designing the laboratory work, and writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Yu, Q., He, A., Shi, D. et al. Translocation versus ion trapping in the root uptake of 2,4-dichlorophenol by wheat seedlings. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 56392–56400 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14627-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14627-6