Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure alters immunological responses. Research concerning PAH exposure on intestinal immunity of children in electronic waste (e-waste) areas is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollutants on intestinal mucosal immunity of children in e-waste areas. Results showed higher hydroxylated PAH (OH-PAH) concentrations in e-waste-exposed children, accompanied with higher sialyl Lewis A (SLA) level, absolute lymphocyte and monocyte counts, decreased of percentage of CD4+ T cells, and had a higher risk of diarrhea. OH-PAH concentrations were negative with child growth. 1-OHNap mediated through WBCs, along with 1-OHPyr, was correlated with an increase SLA concentration. 2-OHFlu, 1-OHPhe, 2-OHPhe, 1-OHPyr, and 6-OHChr were positively correlated with secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) concentration. Our results indicated that PAH pollutants caused inflammation, affected the intestinal epithelium, and led to transformation of microfold cell (M cell). M cells initiating mucosal immune responses and the subsequent increasing sIgA production might be an adaptive immune respond of children in the e-waste areas. To our knowledge, this is the first study of PAH exposure on children intestinal immunity in e-waste area, showing that PAH exposure plays a negative role in child growth and impairs the intestinal immune function.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. Stanley Lin for his constructive comments and English language editing. Finally, the authors are grateful to all the recruited children and their guardians for participating in this project.
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This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21876065).
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GC: conceptualization, investigation, formal analysis, and writing original draft. XL: investigation and formal analysis. ZC: data curation and investigation. YZ: investigation and project administration. XX and XH: review and editing, supervision, project administration, funding acquisition, and formal analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Chen, G., Huo, X., Luo, X. et al. E-waste polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure leads to child gut-mucosal inflammation and adaptive immune response. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 53267–53281 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14492-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14492-3