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Developing and validating the Malay version instrument to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding second-hand smoke in the workplace: a cross-sectional study in teaching hospital in Malaysia

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Abstract

This research sought to develop and validate the “Workplace Second-hand Smoke: Perception on the SHS Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice” (WSHS: PAP) instrument, which targets non-smoking employees. A cross-sectional study was conducted between April and June 2018 to validate WSHS: PAP among non-smoking employees at Universiti Malaya Medical Centre (UMMC). Experts were invited to validate the instrument. Then, for exploratory factor analysis, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 336 UMMC non-smoking employees who were recruited by convenience sampling. A total of 28 items on KAP, rated on five-point Likert scales, underwent exploratory factor analysis and were tested for internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha). Participants were approached after 2 weeks for the assessment of test-retest reliability. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.828, 0.743 and 0.837, respectively, for the domains of perception of the knowledge, attitude and practice, indicating acceptable internal consistency (above 0.7). Exploratory factor analysis identified a one-factor solution for each of the KAP domains. Therefore, the Malay version of the WSHS: PAP instrument demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties for the assessment of non-smoking employees in workplaces with a smoking ban.

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Data availability

The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was supported by the Universiti of Malaya, LRGS-NanoMITe (RU029C-2014).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Primary Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Ikmal Rashiden & Nur Amani Natasha Ahmad Tajuddin

  2. Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Anne Yee & Amer Siddiq Amer Nordin

Authors
  1. Ikmal Rashiden
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  2. Nur Amani Natasha Ahmad Tajuddin
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  3. Anne Yee
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  4. Amer Siddiq Amer Nordin
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Contributions

Ikmal Rashiden: Developed the study design, conducted the research on-site, performed the factor analysis, wrote the manuscript.

Nur Amani Natasha bt Ahmad Tajuddin: Monitored Author 1’s works as supervisor, provided supporting document for the success of the data collection, provided insight, edited and reviewed the manuscript.

Anne Yee: Monitored Author 1’s work as co-supervisor, assisted in data analysis, edited and reviewed the manuscript.

Amer Siddiq bin Amer Nordin: Primary investigator for the research fund that supported Author 1’s research, reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nur Amani Natasha Ahmad Tajuddin.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval

This study conformed to the principles embodied in the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee of the University Malaya Medical Centre (MREC ID NO: 201838-6099).

Consent to participate

No patients or public individuals were involved in development of the study design. UMMC employees were screened for non-smoking status using a Smokerlyzer® (Bedfont Scientific 2017). The WSHS: PAP questionnaire was self-administered after participants provided their informed written consent.

Consent for publication

All of the adaptation and modification of the questionnaires received permission from the respective authors and the respective agency-National Institute of Health Malaysia.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Responsible Editor: Lotfi Aleya

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Rashiden, I., Ahmad Tajuddin, N.A.N., Yee, A. et al. Developing and validating the Malay version instrument to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding second-hand smoke in the workplace: a cross-sectional study in teaching hospital in Malaysia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 44557–44564 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13883-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13883-w

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