Abstract
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies benzene in group 1 (carcinogenic to humans). Particulate matter (PM) has recently also been classified in this category. This was an advance toward prioritizing the monitoring of particles in urban areas. The aim of the present study was to assess levels of PM2.5 and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), the influence of meteorological variables, the planetary boundary layer (PBL), and urban variables as well as risks to human health in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil, in the wet and dry periods. BTEX compounds were sampled using the 1501 method of NIOSH and determined by GC-HS-PID/FID. PM2.5 was monitored using an air sampling pump with a filter holder and determined by the gravimetric method. Average concentrations of BTEX ranged from 1.6 to 45.5 μg m−3, with higher values in the wet period, which may be explained by the fact that annual distribution is influenced by meteorological variables and the PBL. PM2.5 levels ranged from 4.12 to 33.0 μg m−3 and 4.18 to 86.58 μg m−3 in the dry and wet periods, respectively. No seasonal pattern was found for PM2.5, probably due to the influence of meteorological variables, the PBL, and urban variables. Cancer risk ranged from 2.46E−04 to 4.71E−03 and 1.72E−04 to 2.01E−03 for benzene and from 3.07E−06 to 7.04E−05 and 3.08E−06 to 2.85E−05 for PM2.5 in the wet and dry periods, respectively. Cancer risk values for benzene were above the acceptable limit established by the international regulatory agency in both the dry and wet periods. The results obtained of the noncarcinogenic risks for the compounds toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene were within the limits of acceptability. The findings also showed that the risk related to PM is always greater among smokers than nonsmokers.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the efforts of the LACOr team and everyone involved in the study. We also acknowledge the financial support from the project entitled “Environmental Quality Evaluation of Areas Used for Sports and Leisure in Fortaleza-CE” (CNPq, process: 487853/2013-0) and partial support from CNPq (Universal, process: 456582/2014-2). We thank FW Sousa and TL Silva and especially the LACOr team and LABOMAR for assisting in the sampling. Thanks also to one anonymous reviewer that made one hard work.
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Íthala S. Santiago, Tamiris F. A. Silva, Elissandra V. Marques, and Camille A. Rocha: conceptualization, investigation, and methodology; Francisco M. and S. Barreto: supervision on the chromatographic analysis; Antonio G. Ferreira: supervision on the height of the planetary boundary layer and writing – original draft; Kamila V. Mendonça: formal analysis, writing – original draft; Rivelino M. Cavalcante: supervision, writing – review and editing.
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Santiago, Í.S., Silva, T.F.A., Marques, E.V. et al. Influence of the seasonality and of urban variables in the BTEX and PM2.5 atmospheric levels and risks to human health in a tropical coastal city (Fortaleza, CE, Brazil). Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 42670–42682 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13590-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13590-6