Abstract
Seawater intrusion poses a serious threat to coastal areas around the world. The purpose of this study was to develop a comprehensive approach to assess the vulnerability of saltwater intrusion. The powerful decision-making technique GALDIT was firstly selected, and its inherent weights are the origin of the subjective method. The entropy method was then integrated to reasonably determine the objective weight of this basic structure. Furthermore, to balance conflicts between subjective and objective methods, game theory was intruded upon. The result of the sensitivity analysis showed a correlation coefficient between the effective weights and theoretical weights of the normal method, entropy theory, and game theory of 0.66, 0.89, and 0.94, respectively. Meanwhile, the best correlation coefficient between the vulnerability indices and the values of 38 monitoring wells was obtained by the game model. Finally, the optimal weights of G, A, L, D, I, and T were 0.096, 0.153, 0.220, 0.320, 0.150, and 0.061, respectively. The study area was finally classified into regions with high, moderate, and low vulnerability, accounting for 11.4%, 24.9%, and 63.7% of the area. The paper included that the optimization of GALDIT through game theory gives a more accurate assessment of the groundwater vulnerability to seawater intrusion.
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Acknowledgements
The authors are indebted to the anonymous reviewers and the editors, who significantly improved the quality of the paper.
Funding
This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Science and Technology Department in Hebei Province (D2019403194) and Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Sustained Utilization and Development of Water Resources, Shijiazhuang 050031, China.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Wei performed the data analyses and wrote the manuscript. Ma contributed to analysis the evolution of the study. Li and Dai prepared the material and data collection. Lang and Wang conducted the investigation process.
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Wei, A., Li, D., Dai, F. et al. An optimization method coupled the index-overlay method with entropy weighting model to assess seawater intrusion vulnerability. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 36142–36156 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13229-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13229-6