Abstract
This review presents compiled results of complex biomonitoring studies that have been conducted in the Holy Cross Mountains, south-central part of Poland, since the 1990s. The significance of these studies results from several aspects: (i) a number and a variety of plant organisms used, e.g., mosses, lichens, coniferous and deciduous trees, and their tissues (wood, bark, needles, leaves, the aboveground parts of several vascular plants); (ii) applications of a broad scope of instrumental methods aiming at determining major and trace elements (including rare earth elements), organic compounds (PAHs, PCBs, phenols), and stable sulfur isotopes (δ34S); and (iii) different methodological and environmental issues addressed. The comparison and interpretation of results derived from seventeen sampling campaigns carried out between 1994 and 2017 are a valuable source of information on the following: (i) bioaccumulative properties of organisms used in air quality monitoring, (ii) identification and variations of local and regional pollution sources and geochemical landscape patterns and processes over years, and (iii) establishing environmental factors that variously affected chemical composition of plants growing under physiological stress, including roadside vegetation and plants from acid mine drainage areas.
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Acknowledgments
We are very grateful to Dr. Paul J. Lamothe, Dr. James G. Crock, and Dr. Larry P. Gough, retired researchers of the US Geological Survey, for their hospitality and for sharing their knowledge of the fieldwork and analytical methods during many years of scientific collaboration. Our experience of environmental geochemistry stems from the implementation of the U.S.–Poland Maria Curie-Skłodowska Joint Fund II project during 1994–1996.
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S.D. made substantial contributions to the conception and design of the manuscript. A. G and Z.M.M. were involved in drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content. All authors reviewed the final version of the manuscript.
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Dołęgowska, S., Gałuszka, A. & Migaszewski, Z.M. Significance of the long-term biomonitoring studies for understanding the impact of pollutants on the environment based on a synthesis of 25-year biomonitoring in the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 10413–10435 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11817-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11817-6