Abstract
The food industry consumes large amounts of clean, potable water and in turn generates a significant amount of wastewater. In order to minimize water consumption, membrane technologies represent a suitable solution for the treatment of wastewater before it is recycled as process water. Many studies have shown the effectiveness of this technology in the dairy industry, but there are few studies in the fruit- and vegetable-processing sectors. A recently developed methodology for the reduction of water consumption was tested here. Compounds to be eliminated were identified through chemical analysis of several wastewater samples from a carrot-peeling process. Drinking-water quality was selected as our target. Total suspended solids (TSS), fructose, glucose and sucrose were identified as key parameters. Salts (particularly Ca2+ and Mg2+), pH and carbonate hardness (CH) were identified as indicators for evaluating the risk of scaling and corrosion. Based on these results, sieving followed by a 0.5-μm microfiltration (MF) was chosen as the process for pre-treatment. Four nanofiltration (NF) membranes (NFW from SYNDER, DK from GE, NF270 from DOW and SR3D from KOCH) and three reverse osmosis (RO) membranes (ESPA4 from Nitto Group Company, BW30 from DOW and HRX from KOCH) were then tested for the capacity to minimize chemical oxygen demand (COD) and to principally remove sugars. These membranes were then evaluated in terms of permeability and rejection rates. High-quality water could be obtained with RO membranes at low pressure (up to 15 bar) while limiting fouling risks. Rejection rates up to 98.3, 98.0, 99.2, 99.2 and 99.4% for conductivity, COD, fructose, glucose and sucrose, respectively, were achieved. These results are very encouraging for future reuse in vegetable processing before the blanching step, after an additional disinfection treatment.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aimar P (2006) Filtration membranaire (OI, NF, UF) Mise en œuvre et performances. In: Procédés de traitement des eaux potables, industrielles et urbaines, base documentaire : TIB318DUO(ref. article : w4110). Ed. Techniques de l'Ingénieur, St-Denis, France
Aimar P, Bacchin P, Maurel A (2010) Filtration membranaire (OI, NF, UF, MFT) Aspects théoriques : perméabilité et sélectivité. In: Opérations unitaires : techniques séparatives sur membranes, base documentaire : TIB331DUO(ref. article : j2790). Ed. Techniques de l'Ingénieur, St-Denis, France
Aimar P, Bacchin P, Maurel A (2016) Filtration membranaire (OI, NF, UF, MFT) Aspects théoriques : mécanismes de transfert. In: Opérations unitaires : techniques séparatives sur membranes, base documentaire : TIB331DUO(ref. article : j2789). Ed. Techniques de l'Ingénieur, St-Denis, France
Almazán JE, Romero-Dondiz EM, Rajal VB, Castro-Vidaurre EF (2015) Nanofiltration of glucose: analysis of parameters and membrane characterization. Chem Eng Res Des 94:485–493
Ardley S, Arnold P, Younker J, Rand J (2019) Wastewater characterization and treatment at a blueberry and carrot processing plant. Water Resour Ind 21:100–107
ASTM D4189–07 (2014) Standard test method for silt density index (SDI) of water
Bacchin P, Aimar P, Field RW (2006) Critical and sustainable fluxes: theory, experiments and applications. J Membr Sci 281(1–2):42–69
Balannec B, Vourch M, Rabiller-Baudry M, Chaufer B (2005) Comparative study of different nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes for dairy effluent treatment by dead-end filtration. Sep Pur Technol 42(2):195–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2004.07.013
Casani S, Rouhany M, Knochel S (2005) A discussion paper on challenges and limitations to water reuse and hygiene in the food industry. Water Res 39(6):1134–1146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.12.015
European Union (2018) Best available technique (BAT) - reference document in the food, drink and milk industries
Galema SA, Hoeiland H (1991) Stereochemical aspects of hydration of carbohydrates in aqueous solutions. 3. Density and ultrasound measurements. J Phys Chem 95(13):5321–5326
Galier S, Savignac J, Roux-de Balmann H (2013) Influence of the ionic composition on the diffusion mass transfer of saccharides through a cation-exchange membrane. Sep Pur Technol 109:1–8
Garnier C, Guiga W, Lameloise ML, Degrand L, Fargues C (2019) Tools development for water recycling. In: 9th IWA membrane technology conference (Toulouse)
Hua X, Zhao H, Yang R, Zhang W, Zhao W (2010) Coupled model of extended Nernst–Planck equation and film theory in nanofiltration for xylo-oligosaccharide syrup. J Food Eng 100(2):302–309
Kern J, Reimann W, Schlüter O (2006) Treatment of recycled carrot washing water. Environ Technol 27(4):459–466
Klemes J, Smith R, Kim JK (2008) Preface. In: Klemes J, Smith R, Kim JK (eds) Handbook of water and energy management in food processing. Woodhead Publ ltd, Cambridge, pp XXV–XXXVIII
Lehto M, Sipilä I, Sorvala S, Hellstedt M, Kymäläinen HR, Sjöberg AM (2009) Evaluation of on-farm biological treatment processes for wastewaters from vegetable peeling. Environ Technol 30(1):3–10
Lehto M, Sipilä I, Alakukku L, Kymalainen HR (2014) Water consumption and wastewaters in fresh-cut vegetable production. Agric Food Sci 23(4):246–256. https://doi.org/10.23986/afsci.41306
Lens PNL, Hulshoff Pol LW, Wilderer P, Asano T (2002) Water recycling and resource recovery in industry: analysis, technologies and implementation. IWA, London
Macedo EA (2005) Solubility of amino acids, sugars, and proteins. Pure Appl Chem 77(3):559–568
Manzocco L, Ignat A, Anese M, Bot F, Calligaris S, Valoppi F, Nicoli MC (2015) Efficient management of the water resource in the fresh-cut industry: current status and perspectives. Trends Food Sci Technol 46(2):286–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2015.09.003
Mohammad AW, Basha RK, Leo C (2010) Nanofiltration of glucose solution containing salts: effects of membrane characteristics, organic component and salts on retention. J Food Eng 97(4):510–518
Mundi G (2013) Assessment of effective solids removal technologies to determine potential for vegetable washwater reuse, Master Thesis of Applied Science In Engineering, Univ. Guelph, Ontario, Canada - November, 2013
Mundi GS, Zytner RG (2015) Effective solid removal technologies for wash-water treatment to allow water reuse in the fresh-cut fruit and vegetable industry. J Agric Sci Technol A 5:396–407
Negaresh E, Antony A, Bassandeh M, Richardson DE, Leslie G (2012) Selective separation of contaminants from paper mill effluent using nanofiltration. Chem Eng Res Des 90(4):576–583
Nelson H, Singh R, Toledo R, Singh N (2007) The use of a submerged microfiltration system for regeneration and reuse of wastewater in a fresh-cut vegetable operation. Sep Sci Technol 42(11):2473–2481. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496390701477147
Nemati-Amirkolaii K, Romdhana H, Lameloise ML (2019) Pinch methods for efficient use of water in food industry: a survey review. Sustainability 11:4492
Nguyen N, Fargues C, Guiga W, Lameloise ML (2015) Assessing nanofiltration and reverse osmosis for the detoxification of lignocellulosic hydrolysates. J Membr Sci 487:40–50
Nguyen DTNN, Lameloise ML, Guiga W, Lewandowski R, Bouix M, Fargues C (2016) Optimization and modeling of diananofiltration process for the detoxification of ligno-cellulosic hydrolysates-study at pre-industrial scale. J Membr Sci 512:111–121
Racar M, Dolar D, Špehar A, Košutić K (2017) Application of UF/NF/RO membranes for treatment and reuse of rendering plant wastewater. Process Saf Environ Prot 105:386–392
Reimann W (2002) Treatment of agricultural wastewater and reuse. Water Sci Technol 46(11–12):177–182
Richards LA, Vuachère M, Schäfer AI (2010) Impact of pH on the removal of fluoride, nitrate and boron by nanofiltration/reverse osmosis. Desalination 261(3):331–337
Sagne C, Fargues C, Lewandowski R, Lameloise ML, Decloux M (2008) Screening of reverse osmosis membranes for the treatment and reuse of distillery condensates into alcoholic fermentation. Desalination 219(1–3):335–347
Sharma KD, Karki S, Thakur NS, Attri S (2012) Chemical composition, functional properties and processing of carrot—a review. J Food Sci Technol 49(1):22–32
Siddiq M, Uebersax MA (2018) Handbook of vegetables and vegetable processing. Wiley Online Library
Truc A (2007) Traitements tertiaires des effluents industriels. In: Technologies de l'eau 3(G1310). Ed. Techniques de l'Ingénieur, St-Denis, France
Valta K, Moustakas K, Sotiropoulos A, Malamis D, Haralambous KJ (2016) Adaptation measures for the food and beverage industry to the impact of climate change on water availability. Desalin Water Treat 57(5):2336–2343. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1049407
Warsinger DM, Chakraborty S, Tow EW, Plumlee MH, Bellona C, Loutatidou S, Karimi L, Mikelonis AM, Achilli A, Ghassemi A, Padhye LP, Snyder SA, Curcio S, Vecitis CD, Arafat HA, Lienhard JH V (2018) A review of polymeric membranes and processes for potable water reuse. Prog Polymer Sci 81:209–237
Yao L, Qin Z, Chen Q, Zhao M, Zhao H, Ahmad W, Fan L, Zhao L (2018) Insights into the nanofiltration separation mechanism of monosaccharides by molecular dynamics simulation. Sep Pur Technol 205:48–57
Yuan J, Duan J, Saint CP, Mulcahy D (2018) Removal of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid from synthetic water by nanofiltration. Environ Technol 39(11):1384–1392. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.1329356
Zhao F, Xu K, Ren H, Ding L, Geng J, Zhang Y (2015) Combined effects of organic matter and calcium on biofouling of nanofiltration membranes. J Membr Sci 486:177–188
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the French National Agency for Research (ANR) through the MINIMEAU Project (ANR-17-CE10-0015). The authors wish to thank Mélanie Biland and Saïda Maaref for their valuable contributions to this work. The CTCPA (Paris, France) is acknowledged for sharing its expertise in vegetable industries and for providing the industrial partner for the effluent supply.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Angeles Blanco
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Garnier, C., Guiga, W., Lameloise, ML. et al. Toward the reduction of water consumption in the vegetable-processing industry through membrane technology: case study of a carrot-processing plant. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 42685–42703 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10160-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10160-0