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Concentrations and mortality due to short- and long-term exposure to PM2.5 in a megacity of Iran (2014–2019)

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Abstract

The present study aimed to survey the spatial and temporal trends of ambient concentration of PM2.5 and to estimate mortality attributed to short- and long-term exposure to PM2.5 in Isfahan from March 2014 to March 2019 using the AirQ+ software. The hourly concentrations of PM2.5 were obtained from the Isfahan Department of Environment and Isfahan Air Quality Monitoring Center. Then, the 24-h mean concentration of PM2.5 for each station was calculated using the Excel software. According to the results, the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 in 2014–2019 was 29.9–50.9 μg/m3, approximately 3–5 times higher than the WHO guideline (10 μg/m3). The data showed that people of Isfahan in almost 58% to 96% of the days of a year were exposed to PM2.5 higher than the WHO daily guideline. The concentrations of PM2.5 in cold months such as October, November, December and January were higher than those in the other months. The zoning of the annual concentrations of PM2.5 in urban areas showed that the highest PM2.5 concentrations were related to the northern, northwestern, southern and central areas of the city. On average, from 2014 to 2019, the number of deaths due to natural mortality, lung cancer (LC), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke associated with ambient PM2.5 were 948, 16, 18, 281 and 60, respectively. The present study estimated that on average, 14.29% of the total mortality, 17.2% of lung cancer (LC), 15.54% of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 17.12% of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and 14.94% of stroke mortalities were related to long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5. So provincial managers and politicians must adopt appropriate strategies to control air pollution and reduce the attributable health effects and economic losses.

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Acknowledgement

This paper was inspired by the results of a research project no.198202 approved by the Environmental Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Environmental Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran

    Yaghoub Hajizadeh & Negar Jafari

  2. Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran

    Amir Mohammadi & Ali Abdolahnejad

  3. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran

    Seyed Mojtaba Momtaz

  4. Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Farzad Fanaei

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  1. Yaghoub Hajizadeh
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  2. Negar Jafari
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  3. Amir Mohammadi
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  4. Seyed Mojtaba Momtaz
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  5. Farzad Fanaei
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  6. Ali Abdolahnejad
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Correspondence to Ali Abdolahnejad.

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Hajizadeh, Y., Jafari, N., Mohammadi, A. et al. Concentrations and mortality due to short- and long-term exposure to PM2.5 in a megacity of Iran (2014–2019). Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 38004–38014 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09695-z

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