Abstract
This research investigation proposes a new method for sustainable olive mill wastewater (OMW) treatment and handling. It is based on the combination of its impregnation onto raw cypress sawdust (RCS) followed by electrocoagulation. The retention of OMW compounds onto various RCS doses show an important decrease of its chemical oxygen demand (COD) and its main cation and anion content. The maximum retention efficiencies of COD, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, \( {PO}_4^{3-} \), and \( {SO}_4^{2-} \) were about 51.0%, 75.3%, 28.7%, 77.9%, 84.7%, 41.1%, 98.3%, and 90.9%, respectively, for the highest RCS dose (200 g L−1). This organic matter- and nutrient-loaded biomass could be thermochemically converted through pyrolysis into biofuel and biochar for energetic and agronomic purposes, respectively. The treatment by electrocoagulation of the pre-treated OMW using mild steel electrodes could be considered an attractive treatment method since 75.6% of COD removal efficiency was achieved. Besides, this approach permits a significant energy consumption reduction by 46% as compared with the electrocoagulation process alone. It allows also a significant improvement of the treated effluent quality in terms of both organic and mineral contents that could be reused for the irrigation of olive trees in the context of circular economy.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achak M, Ouazzani N, Mandi L (2009) Traitement des margines d’une huilerie moderne par infiltration-percolation sur un filtre à sable. Rev. des Sci. l’eau 22:421 doi.org/10.7202/037780ar
Adhoum N, Monser L (2004) Decolourization and removal of phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation. Chem Eng Process 43:1281–1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cep.2003.12.001
Akdemir EO, Ozer A (2008) Application of a statistical technique for olive oil mill wastewater treatment using ultrafiltration process. Sep Purif Technol 62:222–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2008.01.006
Akrout H, Jellali S, Bousselmi L (2015) Enhancement of methylene blue removal by anodic oxidation using BDD electrode combined with adsorption onto sawdust. CR Chim 18:110–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2014.09.006
Avraamides M, Fatta D (2008) Resource consumption and emissions from olive oil production: a life cycle inventory case study in Cyprus. J Clean Prod 16:809–821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2007.04.002
Azzaz AA, Jellali S, Assadi AA, Bousselmi L (2015) Chemical treatment of orange tree sawdust for a cationic dye enhancement removal from aqueous solutions: kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies. Desalin Water Treat 57:22107–22119. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1103313
Azzaz AA, Jellali S, Akrout H, Assadi AA, Bousselmi L (2016) Optimization of a cationic dye removal by a chemically modified agriculture by-product using response surface methodology: biomasses characterization and adsorption properties. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(11):9831–9846. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7698-6
Bani Salameh WKM, Ahmad H, Al-Shannag M (2015) Treatment of olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation processes and water resources management. Inter J Environ Ecol Eng 5:296–300. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1100326
Barbera AC, Maucieri C, Cavallaro V, Ioppoloa A, Spagna G (2013) Effects of spreading olive mill wastewater on soil properties and crops, a review. Agric Water Manag 119:43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2012.12.009
Belaqziz M, El-Abbassi A, Lakhal EK, Agrafioti E, Galanakis CM (2016) Agronomic application of olive mill wastewater: effects on maize production and soil properties. J Environ Manag 171:158–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.02.006
Bensadok K, El Hanafi N, Lapicque F (2011) Electrochemical treatment of dairy effluent using combined Al and Ti/Pt electrodes system. Desalination 280:244–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.07.006
Chatzistathis T, Koutsos T (2017) Olive mill wastewater as a source of organic matter, water and nutrients for restoration of degraded soils and for crops managed with sustainable systems. Agric Water Manag 190:55–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2017.05.008
Chehab H, Tekaya M, Ouhibi M, Gouiaa M, Zakhama H, Mahjoub Z, Laamari S, Sfina H, Chihaoui B, Boujnah D, Mechri B (2019) Effects of compost, olive mill wastewater and legume cover cropson soil characteristics, tree performance and oil quality of olive trees cv.Chemlali grown under organic farming system. Sci Hortic (Amsterdam) 253:163–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.04.039
Chouchene A, Jeguirim M, Trouve G, Favre-Reguillon A, Le Buzit G (2010) Combined process for the treatment of olive oil mill wastewater: absorption on sawdust and combustion of the impregnated sawdust. Bioresour Technol 101:6962–6971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.017
Doula M K, Moreno-Ortego J L, Tinivella F, Inglezakis V J, Sarris A, Komnitsas K (2017). Chapter 2 - olive mill waste: recent advances for the sustainable development of olive oil industry, pp. 29–56. Elsevier book: olive mill waste: recent advances for sustainable management. ISBN: 978-0-12-805314-0, edited by: Charis M. Galanakis, 300 pages
Dutournié P, Jeguirim M, Khiari B, Goddard ML, Jellali S (2019). Olive mill waste water: from a pollutant to green fuels, agricultural water source, and bio-fertilizer. Part 2: Water 11:768–781. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040768
El-Naggar A, Lee SS, Rinklebe J, Farooq M, Song H, Sarmah AJ, Zimmerman AR, Ahmad M, Shaheen SM, Oka YS (2019) Biochar application to low fertility soils: a review of current status, and future prospects. Geoderma 337:536–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.09.034
Enaime G, Baçaoui A, Yaacoubi A, Belaqziz M, Wichern M, Lübken M (2020) Phytotoxicity assessment of olive mill wastewater treated by different technologies: effect on seed germination of maize and tomato. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:8034–8045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06672-z
Fajardo AS, Rodrigues RF, Martins RC, Castro LM, Quinta-Ferreira RM (2015) Phenolic wastewaters treatment by electrocoagulation process using Zn anode. Chem Eng J 275:331–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2015.03.116
Flores N, Brillas E, Centellas F, Rodríguez RM, Cabot PL, Garrido JA, Sirés I (2018) Treatment of olive oil mill wastewater by single electrocoagulation with different electrodes and sequential electrocoagulation/electrochemical Fenton-based processes. J Hazard Mater 347:58–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.059
Garcia Segura S, Maria Maesia SG, de Vieira Melo EJC, Huitle MAC (2017) Electrocoagulation and advanced electrocoagulation processes: A general review about the fundamentals, emerging applications and its association with other technologies. J. Electroanal Chem 801:267–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.07.047
Ghazouani M, Akrout H, Jomaa S, Jellali S, Bousselmi L (2016) Enhancing removal of nitrates from highly concentrated synthetic wastewaters using bipolar Si/BDD cell: optimization and mechanism study. J Electroanal Chem 783:28–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.10.048
Ghazouani M, Akrout H, Jellali S, Bousselmi L (2019) Comparative study of electrochemical hybrid systems for the treatment of real wastewaters from Agri-food activities. Sci Total Environ 647:1651–1664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.023
Gunay A, Karadag D (2015) Recent developments in the anaerobic digestion of olive mill effluents. Process Biochem 50:1893–1903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2015.07.008
Haddad K, Jeguirim M, Jellali S, Guizani C, Delmotte L, Bennici S, Limousy L (2017a) Combined NMR structural characterization and thermogravimetric analyses for the assessment of the AAEM effect during lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis. Energy. 134:10–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.06.022
Haddad K, Jeguirim M, Jerbi B, Chouchene A, Dutournie P, Thevenin N, Ruidavets L, Jellali S, Limousy L (2017b) Olive mill wastewater: from a pollutant to green fuels, agricultural water source and biofertilizer. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 5:8988–8996. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b01786
Ibrahimoglu B, Yilmazoglu MZ (2018) Disposal of olive mill wastewater with DC arc plasma method. J Environ Manag 217:727–734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.03.134
Inan H, Dimoglo A, Şimşek H, Karpuzcu M (2004) Olive oil mill wastewater treatment by means of electro-coagulation. Sep Purif Technol 36:23–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5866(03)00148-5
Ioannou-Ttofa L, Fattas SC, Eusebio A, Ribeiro B, Rusan M, Amer ARB, Zuraiqi S, Waismand M, Linder C, Wiesman C, Gilron J, FattaKassinos D (2017) Treatment efficiency and economic feasibility of biological oxidation, membrane filtration and separation processes, and advanced oxidation for the purification and valorization of olive mill wastewater. Water Res 114:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.020
IOOC, 2018. International olive oil council website: http://www.internationaloliveoil.org/ accessed January, 14, 2020
Iqbal H, Garcia-Perez M, Flury M (2015) Effect of biochar on leaching of organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus from compost in bioretention systems. Sci Total Environ 521–522:37–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.03.060
Jellali S, Wahab MA, Ben Hassine R, Hamzaoui AH, Bousselmi L (2011a) Adsorption characteristics of phosphorus from aqueous solutions onto phosphate mine wastes. Chem Eng J 169:157–165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2011.02.076
Jellali S, Wahab MA, Anane M, Riahi K, Jedidi N (2011b) Biosorption characteristics of ammonium from aqueous solutions onto Posidonia oceanica (L.) fibers. Desalination 270:40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2010.11.018
Jellali S, Diamantopoulos E, Haddad K, Anane M, Durner W, Mlayah A (2016) Lead removal from aqueous solutions by raw sawdust and magnesium pretreated biochar : experimental investigations and numerical modelling. J Environ Manag 180:439–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.05.055
Kapellakis IE, Tsagarakis KP, Crowther JC (2008) Olive oil history, production and by-product management. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol 7:1–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11157-007-9120-9
Khani MR, Kuhestani H, Kalankesh LR, Kamarehei B, Rodríguez-Couto S, Baneshi MM, Shahamat YD (2019) Rapid and high purification of olive mill wastewater (OMV) with the combination electrocoagulation-catalytic sonoproxone processes. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 97:47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2019.02.003
Kobya M, Gebologlu U, Ulu F, Oncel S, Demirbas E (2011) Removal of arsenic from drinking water by the electrocoagulation using Fe and Al electrodes. Electrochem. Acta 56:5060–5070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2011.03.086
Kobya M, Oncel MS, Demirbas E, Sık E, Akyol A, Ince M (2014) The application of electrocoagulation process for treatment of the red mud dam wastewater from Bayer’s process. J. Environ Chem Eng 2:2211–2220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2014.09.008
Kraiem N, Jeguirim M, Limousy L, Lajili M, Dorge S, Michelin L, Said R (2014) Impregnation of olive mill wastewater on dry biomasses: impact on chemical properties and combustion performances. Energy 78:479–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2014.10.035
Kruttika R, Apshankar S, Goel S (2018) Review and analysis of defluoridation of drinking water by electrocoagulation journal of water supply: research and technology-aqua 67: 297-316. doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2018.113
Lee ZS, Chin SY, Lim JW, Witoon T, Cheng CK (2019) Treatment technologies of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and olive mill wastewater (OMW): a brief review. Environ Technol Innov 15:100377. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100377
Li X, Li Y, Zhang X, Zhao X, Sun Y, Weng L, Li Y (2019) Long-term effect of biochar amendment on the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil microbial fuel cells. Sci Total Environ 651:796–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.098
Magdich S, Jarboui R, Rouina BB, Boukhris M, Ammar E (2012) A yearly spraying of olive mill wastewater on agricultural soil over six successive years: impact of different application rates on olive production, phenolic compounds, phytotoxicity and microbial counts. Sci Total Environ 430:209–216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.05.004
Magdich S, Abid W, Boukhris M, Ben Rouina B, Ammar E (2016) Effects of long-term olive mill wastewater spreading on the physiological and biochemical responses of adult Chemlali olive trees (Olea europaea L.). Ecol Eng 97:122–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.09.004
Martınez-Huitle CA, Brillas E (2009) Decontamination of wastewaters containing synthetic organic dyes by electrochemical methods: a general review. Appl Catal B Environ 87:105–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.09.017
Masi F, Bresciani R, Munz G, Lubello C (2015) Evaporation-condensation of olive mill wastewater: evaluation of condensate treatability through SBR and constructed wetlands. Ecol Eng 80:156–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.11.008
Meftah O, Guergueb Z, Braham M, Sayadi S, Mekki A (2019) Long term effects of olive mill wastewaters application on soil properties and phenolic compounds migration under arid climate. Agric Water Manag 212:119–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2018.07.029
Moraetis D, Stamati FE, Nikolaidis NP, Kalogerakis N (2011) Olive mill wastewater irrigation of maize: impacts on soil and groundwater. Agric Water Manag 98:1125–1132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2011.02.006
Nidheesh PV, Singh TSA (2017) Arsenic removal by electrocoagulation process: recent trends and removal mechanism. Chemosphere 18:418–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.082
Orescanin V, Kollar R, Mikelic IL, Nad K (2013) Electroplating wastewater treatment by the combined electrochemical and ozonation methods. J environ Sci health - part a. Tox Hazard Subst environ Eng 48:1450–1455. https://doi.org/10.1080/10934529.2013.781904
Oz NA, Eker ACU (2019) Simultaneous hydrogen production and pollutant removal from olive mill wastewaters using electrohydrolysis process. Chemosphere 232:296–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.125
Papaoikonomou L, Labanaris K, Kaderides K, Goula AM (2019) Adsorption–desorption of phenolic compounds from olive mill wastewater using a novel low-cost biosorbent. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07277-2
Paraskeva P, Diamadopoulos E (2006) Technologies for olive mill wastewater ( OMW ) treatment : a review. J Chem Technol Biot 1485:1475–1485. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb
Pulido JOM, Pimentel-Moral S, Verardo V, Martinez-Ferez A (2017) A focus on advanced physico-chemical processes for olive mill wastewater treatment. Sep Purif Technol 179:161–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.02.004
Radjenovic J, Sedlak DL (2015) Challenges and opportunities for electrochemical processes as next-generation technologies for the treatment of contaminated water. Environ Sci Technol 49(19)11292–11302https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b02414
Rodier J, Legube B, Merlet N (2009) Analyse de l’eau. 9ème édition
Sadif N, Mountadar M, Hanafi F (2015) Traitement des margines par électrocoagulation. Dechets 50:8–12. https://doi.org/10.7202/038326ar
Sahmoune MN, Yeddou AR (2015) Potential of sawdust materials for the removal of dyes and heavy metals: examination of isotherms and kinetics. Desalin Water Treat 57:24019–24034. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1135824
Sarika R, Kalogerakis N, Mantzavinos D (2004) Treatment of olive mill effluents. Environ Int 31:297–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.10.006
Sisti L, Totaro G, Celli A, Diouf-Lewis A, Verney V, Leroux F (2019) A new valorization route for olive mill wastewater: improvement of durability of PP and PBS composites through multifunctional hybrid systems. J Environ Chem Eng 7:103026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103026
Souilem S, El-Abbassi A, Kiai H, Hafidi A, Sayadi S, Galanakis CM (2017) Olive oil production sector: environmental effects and sustainability challenges. In: Olive mill waste: recent advances for sustainable management. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-805314-0.00001-7
Syam Babu D, Anantha Singh TS, Nidheesh PV, Suresh Kumar M (2020) Industrial wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation process. Sep Sci Technol:1–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2019.1671866
Tavangar T, Jalali K, Shahmirzadi MAA, Karimi M (2019) Toward real textile wastewater treatment: Membrane fouling control and effective fractionation of dyes/inorganic salts using a hybrid electrocoagulation - Nanofiltration process. Sep Purif Technol 216:115–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.01.070
Teutscherova N, Lojka B, Houška J, Masaguer A, Benito M, Vazquez E (2018) Application of holm oak biochar alters dynamics of enzymatic and microbial activity in two contrasting Mediterranean soils. Eur J Soil Biol 88:15–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2018.06.002
Tezcan Ün Ü, Uǧur S, Koparal AS, Bakir Öǧütveren Ü (2006) Electrocoagulation of olive mill wastewaters. Sep Purif Technol 52:136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2006.03.029
Thiam A, Zhou M, Brillas E, Sirés I (2014) Two-step mineralization of Tartrazine solutions: study of parameters and by-products during the coupling of electrocoagulation with electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. Appl Catal B Environ 150-151:116–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.12.011
Wang J, Wang S (2019) Preparation, modification and environmental application of biochar: a review. J Clean Prod 227:1002–1022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.282
Xing X, Zhu X, Li H, Jiang Y, Ni J (2012) Electrochemical oxidation of nitrogen-heterocyclic compounds at boron-doped diamond electrode. Chemosphere 86:368–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.10.020
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Helmi Hamdi for his diligent proofreading of this paper.
Funding
This work was funded by the Tunisian Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MHESR) and FERTICHAR project. FERTICHAR is funded through the ARIMNet2 (2017) Joint Call by the following funding agencies: ANR (France), MHESR (Tunisia) and HAO-DEMETER (Greece). ARIMNet2 (ERA-NET) has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development, and demonstration under grant agreement no. 618127.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ta Yeong Wu
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bargaoui, M., Jellali, S., Azzaz, A.A. et al. Optimization of hybrid treatment of olive mill wastewaters through impregnation onto raw cypress sawdust and electrocoagulation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 24470–24485 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08907-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08907-w