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Remediation of trapped DNAPL enhanced by SDS surfactant and silica nanoparticles in heterogeneous porous media: experimental data and empirical models

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Abstract

The remediation of nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) enhanced by surfactant and nanoparticles (NP) has been investigated in numerous studies. However, the role of NP-assisted surfactants in the dissolution process is still not well discussed. Besides, there is a lack of empirical dissolution models considering the effects of initial residual saturation Strap, NAPL distribution, and surfactant concentration in NAPL-aqueous phase systems. In this work, micromodel experiments are conducted to quantify mass transfer coefficients for different injected aqueous phases including deionized water, SDS surfactant solutions, and NP-assisted solutions with different levels of concentrations and flow rates. Observations reveal that silica nanoparticles (SNP) can significantly enhance interphase mass transfer, while SDS surfactant reduces the mass transfer coefficient. In addition, Strap and intrinsic interfacial area ai, as an indicator of dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) distribution, influence the interphase mass transfer. The ai is also independent of DNAPL saturation SNAPL except for SNAPL < 7% when ganglia breakup occurs. Based on these observations, new empirical dissolution models are proposed in the presence and the absence of SDS surfactant and SNP in which ai, Strap, and surfactant concentrations are introduced as new parameters. The evaluated mass transfer rate coefficients using the proposed models show a significant improvement compared to available empirical models. The finding of this study might be attractive for application in field-scale simulations of surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) and NP-assisted methods.

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Nomenclature

ai Intrinsic interfacial area (cm2/cm3)

An Total area occupied by NAPL in target area of the micromodel (cm2)

as Specific interfacial area (cm2/cm3)

At Total target area in the micromodel (cm2 )

C NAPL concentration in aqueous phase (mg/L)

Cs Equilibrium solubility of NAPL in aqueous phase (mg/L)

Dm Molecular diffusivity in aqueous phase (cm2/s)

hm Average depth of the micromodel (cm)

k Mass transfer coefficient (cm/min)

K Mass transfer rate coefficient (1/min)

Lc Characteristic length of heterogeneous micromodel (cm)

NCa Capillary number

P Total interfacial perimeter (cm)

Re Reynolds number

SNAPL NAPL saturation

Strap Initial residual saturation

Sh Sherwood number

Sh′ Modified Sherwood number

t Temporal time after phase displacement (min)

α1 A correlation parameter in the proposed dissolution modeling in Eq. (6)

α2 A correlation parameter in the proposed dissolution modeling in Eq. (6)

β A correlation parameter in the proposed dissolution modeling in Eq. (6)

γ1 A correlation parameter in the proposed dissolution modeling in Eq. (8)

γ2 A correlation parameter in the proposed dissolution modeling in Eq. (8)

λ A correlation parameter in the proposed dissolution modeling in Eq. (8)

ρn NAPL density (g/cm3)

φ Porosity of the micromodel

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave, Tehran, Iran

    Mehdi Ramezanzadeh, Saeid Khasi, Mobeen Fatemi & Mohammad Hossein Ghazanfari

Authors
  1. Mehdi Ramezanzadeh
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  2. Saeid Khasi
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  3. Mobeen Fatemi
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  4. Mohammad Hossein Ghazanfari
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Correspondence to Mohammad Hossein Ghazanfari.

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Ramezanzadeh, M., Khasi, S., Fatemi, M. et al. Remediation of trapped DNAPL enhanced by SDS surfactant and silica nanoparticles in heterogeneous porous media: experimental data and empirical models. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 2658–2669 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-07194-4

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