Abstract
The Paris agreement (2015) seems a significant achievement towards a global mitigation policy to climate change. However, implementing the promised Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) targets by the participating countries has become a real challenge. In this aspect, the input-output life cycle assessment (IO-LCA) model provides an important assessment mechanism to design suitable abatement policies limiting the rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The present paper develops an IO-LCA model for Pakistan and estimates all the direct and indirect GHG emissions caused by all the production activities during all the stages of production. This task is achieved in three phases. In phase 1, the Pakistan input-output table (IOT) is constructed. In phase 2, the GHG environmental satellite accounts are created for each sector in the economy. In phase 3, the GHG emissions are linked to different categories of final demand.
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Notes
A detailed aggregation scheme is provided in the Appendix.
The basic structure of the input-output tables is discussed by Miller and Blair (2009) in detail.
It is believed that the RAS method was developed by Richard Stone (1919–1991) and his colleagues.
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Appendix
Appendix
Balancing of the supply and use tables (SUTs)
The SUTs are balanced manually as well as automatically. The manual balancing requires a researcher to detect the discrepancies in estimates. If the quality of data is poor for such estimates, it can be supported with the help of related survey reports. The SUTs used in the research paper are balanced manually firstly, and the automated RAS procedure was applied later when the SUTs diverged by 5% or less.Footnote 3
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Zeshan, M. Carbon footprint accounts of Pakistan: an input-output life cycle assessment model. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 30313–30323 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06196-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06196-6