Abstract
Annually, over 5.5 trillion cigarettes are produced worldwide, and it is estimated that 4.5 trillion cigarette butts (CBs) are still being littered in the world. The dispersal of the CBs has caused this hazardous waste to be considered as one of the most important litters and environmental risks all over the world. This systematic study with the search protocol definition and keyword identification was developed to find the CBs control and recycling methods by searching in five scientific databases. Founded articles were monitored and finally, 35 related articles were selected and studied by the authors. The results of this study showed that CBs recycling methods have been tested in 10 specific categories all over the world. The CBs have been applied without any pre-processing methods in the bricks and asphalt production. However, other applications of the CBs such as the absorbent material production, vector control, and use as a biofilm carrier in wastewater treatment need various processing methods. The researchers also presented models and suggestions such as taxes, penalties, and public education for the control of CBs littering. Despite the innovative methods applied for the CBs recycling in previous studies, CBs have not received much attention in terms of pollutant control and environmental issues in recycling processes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdul Kadir A, Mohajerani A (2012) Properties improvement of fired clay bricks incorporating with cigarette butts. Adv Mater Res 535–537:1723–1730. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.535-537.1723
Aeslina AK, Mohajerani A (2012) Leachability of heavy metals from fired clay bricks incorporated with cigarette butts. ISBEIA 872–877. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISBEIA.2012.6423017
Ariza E, Leatherman SP (2012) No-smoking policies and their outcomes on U.S. beaches. J Coast Res 278:143–147. https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-10-00137.1
Authors F (2016) Corrosion inhibition studies of cigarette waste on the iron surface in acid medium : electrochemical and surface. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/ACMM-05-2014-1384
Barnes RL (2011) Regulating the disposal of cigarette butts as toxic hazardous waste. Tob Control 20:45–48. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2010.041301
Betânia M, Antônio M, Duarte B, et al (2016) Process development for cigarette butts recycling into cellulose pulp 2010:. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.013
d’Heni Teixeira MB, Duarte MAB, Raposo Garcez L, Camargo Rubim J, Hofmann Gatti T, Suarez PAZ (2017) Process development for cigarette butts recycling into cellulose pulp. Waste Manag 60:140–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.10.013
Dieng H, Saifur RGM, Ahmad AH, Md Rawi CS, Boots M, Satho T, Zuharah WF, Fadzly N, Althbyani A, Miake F, Jaal Z, Abubakar S (2011) Discarded cigarette butts attract females and kill the progeny of Aedes albopictus. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 27:263–271. https://doi.org/10.2987/11-6124.1
Dieng H, Rajasaygar S, Ahmad AH, Ahmad H, Rawi CSM, Zuharah WF, Satho T, Miake F, Fukumitsu Y, Saad AR, Ghani IA, Vargas REM, Majid AHA, AbuBakar S (2013) Turning cigarette butt waste into an alternative control tool against an insecticide-resistant mosquito vector. Acta Trop 128:584–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.08.013
Dieng H, Rajasaygar S, Ahmad AH, Md. Rawi CS, Ahmad H, Satho T, Miake F, Zuharah WF, Fukumitsu Y, Saad AR, Abdul Hamid S, Vargas REM, Ab Majid AH, Fadzly N, Abu Kassim NF, Hashim NA, Ghani IA, Abang FB, AbuBakar S (2014) Indirect effects of cigarette butt waste on the dengue vector Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Acta Trop 130:123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2013.11.001
Gómez Escobar V, Maderuelo-Sanz R (2017) Acoustical performance of samples prepared with cigarette butts. Appl Acoust 125:166–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.05.001
Huang F, Xu Y, Peng B, Su Y, Jiang F, Hsieh YL, Wei Q (2015) Coaxial electrospun cellulose-core fluoropolymer-shell fibrous membrane from recycled cigarette filter as separator for high performance lithium-ion battery. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 3:932–940. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.5b00032
Kadir AA, Mohajerani A (2011) Recycling cigarette butts in lightweight fired clay bricks. P I Civ Eng - Constr Mater 872–877. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISBEIA.2012.6423017
Kadir AA, Sarani NA, Leman AM (2014) Testing on building material using waste material in fired clay brick. Mater Sci Forum 803:330–336. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.803.330
Lee W, Lee CC (2015) Developmental toxicity of cigarette butts—an underdeveloped issue. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 113:362–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.018
Liu C, Chen B, Yang J, Li C (2015) One-step fabrication of superhydrophobic and superoleophilic cigarette filters for oil-water separation. J Adhes Sci Technol 29(22):2399–2407. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2015.1062653
Lucatero LMB, Ortega DT, Pandiyan T, Singh N, Singh H, Sarao TPS (2016) Corrosion inhibition studies of cigarette waste on the iron surface in acid medium: electrochemical and surface morphology analysis. Anti-Corros Method M 63(4):245–255. https://doi.org/10.1108/ACMM-05-2014-1384
Maderuelo-Sanz R, Gómez Escobar V, Meneses-Rodríguez JM (2018) Potential use of cigarette filters as sound porous absorber. Appl Acoust 129:86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2017.07.011
Masoudi Soltani S, Kazemi Yazdi S, Hosseini S, Bayestie I (2015) Lead removal from aqueous solution using non-modified and nitric acid-modified charred carbon from the pyrolysis of used cigarette filters. Desalin Water Treat 53:126–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2013.835751
Mohajerani A, Kadir AA, Larobina L (2016) A practical proposal for solving the world’s cigarette butt problem: recycling in fired clay bricks. Waste Manag 52:228–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.012
Mohajerani A, Tanriverdi Y, Nguyen BT, Wong KK, Dissanayake HN, Johnson L, Whitfield D, Thomson G, Alqattan E, Rezaei A (2017) Physico-mechanical properties of asphalt concrete incorporated with encapsulated cigarette butts. Constr Build Mater 153:69–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.091
Mondal NK, Hajra A, Chakraborty D, et al (2015) Full length research paper cigarette butt waste and its effective utilization towards larvicidal activity of mosquito 3:9–15
Murugan K, Suresh U, Panneerselvam C, Rajaganesh R, Roni M, Aziz AT, Hwang JS, Sathishkumar K, Rajasekar A, Kumar S, Alarfaj AA, Higuchi A, Benelli G (2018) Managing wastes as green resources: cigarette butt-synthesized pesticides are highly toxic to malaria vectors with little impact on predatory copepods. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:10456–10470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0074-3
Novotny TE, Zhao F, Novotny TE, Zhao F (1999) Consumption and production waste: another externality of tobacco use. Tob Control 8:75–80
Novotny TE, Lum K, Smith E, Wang V, Barnes R (2009) Cigarettes butts and the case for an environmental policy on hazardous cigarette waste. Int J Environ Res Public Health 6:1691–1705. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6051691
Ou J, Wan B, Wang F, Xue M, Wu H, Li W (2016) Superhydrophobic fibers from cigarette filters for oil spill cleanup. RSC Adv 6:44469–44474. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ra01303a
Patel V, Thomson GW, Wilson N (2013) Cigarette butt littering in city streets: a new methodology for studying and results. Tob Control 22:59–62. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050529
Rath JM, Rubenstein RA, Curry LE, Shank SE, Cartwright JC (2012) Cigarette litter: Smokers attitudes and behaviors. Int J Environ Res Public Health 9:2189–2203. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9062189
Sabzali A, Nikaeen M, Bina B (2011) Evaluation of cigarette filters rods as a biofilm carrier in integrated fixed film activated sludge process 5:101–106
Sabzali A, Nikaeen M, Bina B (2012) Performance evaluation of cigarette filter rods as a biofilm carrier in an anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor. Environ Technol 33:1803–1810. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2011.646317
Sarani NA, Kadir AA (2013) Thermal conductivity of fired clay bricks incorporated with cigarette butts. Adv Mater Res 690–693:919–924. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.690-693.919
Smith EA, Novotny TE (2011) Whose butt is it? Tobacco industry research about smokers and cigarette butt waste. Tob Control 20:2–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2010.040105
Suárez M, Macías C (2017) An experimental demonstration that house finches add cigarette butts in response to ectoparasites. J Avian Biol 48(10):1316–1321. https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.01324
Wang Y, Jiang M, Yang Y, Ran F (2016) Hybrid electrode material of vanadium nitride and carbon fiber with cigarette butt/metal ions wastes as the precursor for supercapacitors. Electrochim Acta 222:1914–1921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.003
Widmer WM, Reis RA (2010) An experimental evaluation of the effectiveness of beach ashtrays in preventing marine contamination. Braz Arch Biol Technol 53:1205–1216. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132010000500018
Yang HM, Zhang DH, Andas J, Rahman MLA (2017) Preparation of creating active carbon from cigarette filter waste using microwave-induced KOH activation Preparation of creating active carbon from cigarette filter waste using microwave-induced KOH activation
Yazdi SK, Soltani SM, Hosseini S (2012) An investigation into the optimum carbonization conditions for the production of porous carbon from a solid waste. Adv Mater Res 587:88–92. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.587.88
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support given by the Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Grant Number 96-04-212-31925).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Torkashvand, J., Farzadkia, M. A systematic review on cigarette butt management as a hazardous waste and prevalent litter: control and recycling. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 11618–11630 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04250-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04250-x