Abstract
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) were labeled potential persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention and have structures and toxicities similar to those of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), which has caused considerable concern. This article reviews the current available literature on the status, sources, formation pathways, and analysis of PBDD/Fs. PBDD/Fs are widely generated in industrial thermal processes, such as those for brominated flame retardant (BFR) products, e-waste dismantling, metal smelting processes, and waste incineration. PBDD/Fs can form via the following routes: precursor formation, de novo formation, biosynthesis, and natural formation. The levels of PBDD/Fs in the environment and in organisms and humans have increased due to extensive consumption and the increasing inventory of BFRs; thus, the risk of human exposure to PBDD/Fs is expected to be high.
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Abbreviations
- BFR:
-
Brominated flame retardant
- PBDD/F:
-
Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofuran
- PCDD/F:
-
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofuran
- PBB:
-
Polybrominated diphenyl
- PBDE:
-
Polybrominated diphenyl ether
- TBBP-A:
-
Tetrabromobisphenol A
- HBCD:
-
Hexabromocyclododecane
- PAH:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
- PBP:
-
Polybrominated phenol
- AhR:
-
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor
- TEF:
-
Toxic equivalency factor
- TEQ:
-
Toxic equivalency
- REP:
-
Relative potencies
- DCM:
-
Dichloromethane
- HEX:
-
n-Hexane
- WEEE/EEE:
-
Waste/electrical and electronic equipment
- MSWI:
-
Municipal solid waste incinerator
- IWI:
-
Industrial waste incinerator
- EAF:
-
Electric arc furnace
- EW:
-
Equipment waste
- ALS:
-
Secondary aluminum smelter
- APCD:
-
Air pollution control device
- ASE:
-
Accelerated solvent extraction
- PLE:
-
Pressurized liquid extraction
- APCI:
-
Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
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This work was financially supported by the Environmental Protection Research Fund of Zhejiang Province of China (2017A005 and 2017A006).
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Zhou, Y., Liu, J. Emissions, environmental levels, sources, formation pathways, and analysis of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 33082–33102 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3307-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3307-1