Abstract
Water fog composition was investigated at a fog harvesting installation in the coast of Atacama (North Chile). Chañaral is historically affected by mining contamination discharges. Hydro-chemical characterization of fog water from top of the mountain (where capture installation is located) and at the bottom of the mountain (after vertical transportation where an aquaponic system is located) revealed many compositional differences that compromise the use of water. High acidity and high concentrations in Cu and As in water collected on top of the mountain were found; meanwhile, acidity and Cu decreased, and As levels overpassed the drinking water standards after the vertical transportation. Collected data was assessed according to national and international regulatory standards, neutralization factors (NF), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and ion ratios to determine origin of contamination and suitability of destined for human consumption, irrigation, or aquaculture purposes.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdul–Wahab SA, Al-Damkhi AM, Al-Hinai H, Al-Najar KA, Al-Kalbani MS (2010) Total fog and rainwater collection in the Dhofar region of the Sultanate of Oman during the monsoon season. Water Int 35(1):100–109. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060903502984
Andreae MO (1983) Soot carbon and excess fine potassium: long-range transport of combustion-derived aerosols. Science 220:1148–1151
Azoulay A, Garzon P, Eisenberg MJ (2001) Comparison of the mineral content of tap water and bottled waters. J Gen Intern Med 16:168–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1497.2001.04189.x
Batisha AF (2015) Feasibility and sustainability of fog harvesting. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology 6:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swaqe.2015.01.002
Benedict KB, Lee T, Collett JL Jr (2012) Cloud water composition over the southeastern Pacific Ocean during the VOCALS regional experiment. Atmos Environ 46:104–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.10.029
Bielorai H, Shalhevelt J, Lavy Y (1983) The effect of high sodium irrigation water on soil salinity and yield of mature grapefruit orchard. Irrig Sci 4:255–266
Blás M, Polkowska Z, Sobik M, Klimaszewska K, Nowiński K, Namieśnik J (2010) Fog water chemical composition in different geographic regions of Poland. Atmos Res 95:455–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.11.008
Bourotte CLM, Forti MC, Melfi A, Lucas Y (2006) Morphology and solutes content of atmospheric particles in an urban and a natural area of São Paulo State, Brazil. Water Air Soil Pollut 170(1–4):301–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-9001-1
Budhavant K, Rao P, Safai P, Granat L, Rodhe H (2014) Chemical composition of the inorganic fraction of cloud-water at a high altitude site in West India. Atmos Environ 88:59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.039
Castilla JC (1983) Environmental impact in sandy beaches of copper mine tailings at Chañaral, Chile. Mar Pollut Bull 14:459–464
Castilla JC (1996) Copper mine tailing disposal in northern Chile rocky shores: Enteromorpha compressa (Chlorophyta) as a sentinel species. Environ Monit Assess 40:171–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00414390
Castilla JC, Correa JA (1997) Copper tailing impacts in coastal ecosystems of northern Chile: from species to community responses. In: Moore M, Imray P, Dameron C, Callan P, Langley A, Mangas S (Eds.), Copper. Copper National Environmental Health Forum Monographs, Metal Series No.3, pp. 81–92
Cereceda P, Schemenauer RS, Suit M (1992) An alternative water supply for Chilean coastal desert villages. Int J Water Resour D 8(1):53–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/07900629208722533
Cereceda P, Osses P, Larraín H, Farías M, Lagos M, Pinto R, Schemenauer RS (2002) Adventive, orographic and radiation fog in the Tarapacá region, Chile. Atmos Res 64:261–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(02)00097-2
Cereceda P, Larraín H, Osses P, Farías M, Egaña I (2008) Spatial and temporal behavior of fog and its relation to fog oases in the Atacama Desert, Chile. Atmos Res 87(3–4):312–323
Das R, Das SN, Misra VN (2005) Chemical composition of rainwater and dustfall at Bhubaneswar in the east coast of India. Atmos Environ 39:5908–5916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.06.030
Degefie DT, El-Madany TS, Held M, Hejkal J, Hammer E, Dupont JC, Haeffelin M, Fleischer E, Klemm O (2015) Fog chemical composition and its feedback to fog water fluxes, water vapor fluxes, and microphysical evolution of two events near Paris. Atmos Res 164–165:328–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.05.002
Domen JK, Stringfellow WT, Camarillo MK, Gulati S (2014) Fog water as an alternative and sustainable water resource. Clean Techn Environ Policy 16 (2):235–249.
Fessehaye M, Abdul-Wahab SA, Savaged MJ, Kohler T, Gherezghihere T, Hurnic H (2014) Fog-water collection for community use. Renew Sust Energy Rev 29:52–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.063
Gandhidasan P, Abualhamayel HI (2012) Exploring fog water harvesting potential and quality in the Asir Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Pure Appl Geophys 169:1019–1036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-011-0341-z
Gioda A, Reyes-Rodríguez GJ, Santos-Figueroa G, Collett JL Jr, Decesari S, Ramos MCKV, Bezerra Netto HJC, de Aquino Neto FR, Mayol-Bracero OL (2011) Speciation of water-soluble inorganic, organic, and total nitrogen in a background marine environment: cloud water, rainwater, and aerosol particles. J Geophys Res 116:D5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD015010
Godoy E, Lara L (1998) Hojas Chañaral y Diego de Almagro, Región de Atacama. Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería, Mapas Geológicos 5–6, 1 mapa escala 1:100.000
Harb OM, Salem MS, Abd EL-Hay GH, Makled KM (2016) Fog water harvesting providing stability for small Bedwe communities lives in North cost of Egypt. Ann Agric Sci 61(1):105–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2016.01.001
Keene WC, Pszenny AAP, Galloway JN, Hawley ME (1986) Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation. J Geophys Res 91:6647–6658
Keene WC, Maring H, Maben JR, Kieber DJ, Pszenny AAP, Dahl EE, Izaguirre MA, Davis AJ, Long MS, Zhou X, Smoydzin L, Sander R (2007) Chemical and physical characteristics of nascent aerosols produced by bursting bubbles at a model air-sea interface. J Geophys Res 112:D21202. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008464
Klemm O, Schemenauer RS, Lummerich A, Cereceda P, Marzol V, Corell D, van Heerden J, Reinhard D, Gherezghiher T, Olivier J, Osses P, Sarsour J, Frost E, Estrela MJ, Valiente JA, Fessehaye GM (2012) Fog as a fresh-water resource: overview and perspectives. Ambio 41(3):221–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-012-0247-8
Lakhani A, Sassangi GS, Parmar RS, Prakash S (2005) Chemistry of sulphur and nitrogen species and other major cations/anions in fog water. Indian J Radio Space 34:42–49 http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/25638/1/IJRSP%2034%281%29%2042–49.pdf
Larraín H, Velásquez F, Cereceda P, Espejo R, Pinto R, Osses P, Schemenauer RS (2002) Fog measurements at the site “Falda Verde” North of Chañaral compared with other fog stations of Chile. Atmos Res 64:273–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(02)00098-4
Marzol Jaen MV (2002) Fog water collection in a Rural Park in the Canary Islands (Spain). Atmos Res 64:239–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(02)00095-9
Morera TV, Solís RA, Sibaja JP, Esquivel G, Valdés J (2012) Chemical composition of rain and fog water collected in the Monteverde Biological Reserve. Uniciencia, 51–63. ISSN-e 2215–3470, Vol. 26, No. 1–2. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5381221
National Research Council, NRC (2000) Copper in Drinking Water. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.17226/9782 NCh 409/1.Of2005. http://ciperchile.cl/pdfs/11–2013/norovirus/NCh409.pdf
Nef J (2001) An assessment of the state of the fog-collection project in Chungungo, Chile. Report to the Latin American and Caribbean Research Office (Montevideo) of the International development research Centre (IDRC)
Olivier J (2002) Fog-water harvesting along the West Coast of South Africa: a feasibility study. Water SA 28(4):349–360 https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/4908/69355
Parsons I. (1989) Diorite and tonalite. In: Petrology. Encyclopedia of Earth Science. Springer, Boston. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-30845-8
Paskoff R, Petiot R (1990) Coastal progradation as by-product of human activity: an example from Chañaral Bay, Atacama Desert, Chile. J Coast Res 6:91–102
Ramírez M, Massolo S, Frache R, Correa J (2005) Metal speciation and environmental impact on sandy beaches due to El Salvador copper mine, Chile. Mar Pollut Bull 50:62–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.08.010
Salem TA, Omar MEDM, El Gammal HAA (2017) Evaluation of fog and rain water collected at Delta Barrage, Egypt as a new resource for irrigated agriculture. J Afr Earth Sci 135:34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.08.012
Sánchez AS, Cohim E, Kalid RA (2015) A review on physicochemical and microbiological contamination of roof-harvested rainwater in urban areas. Sustainability of Water Quality and Ecology 6:119–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.swaqe.2015.04.002
Schemenauer RS, Cereceda P (1992) The quality of fog water collected for domestic and agricultural use in Chile. J Appl Meteorol 31:275–290 https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/1520–0450%281992%29031%3C0275%3ATQOFWC%3E2.0.CO%3B2
Schemenauer RS, Fuenzalida H, Cereceda P (1988) A neglected water resource: the Camanchaca of South America. B Am Meteorol Soc 69:138–147. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477
Servicio Hidrológico y Oceanográfico de la Armada de Chile, SHOA (2015) Wind prognostic chart.
Sievering H, Cainey J, Harvey M, McGregor J, Nichol S, Quinn P (2004) Aerosol non-sea-salt sulfate in the remote marine boundary layer under clear-sky and normal cloudiness conditions: ocean-derived biogenic alkalinity enhances sea-salt sulphate production by ozone oxidation. J Geophys Res 109:D19317. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004315
Smith AH, Hopenhayn-Rich C, Bates MN, Goeden H et al (1992) Cancer risks from arsenic in drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 97:259–267 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1519547/pdf/envhper00384–0242.pdf
UNEP (1997) Fog harvesting. Book of alternative technologies for freshwater augmentation in Latin America and the Caribbean, Unit of Sustainable Development and Environment, Washington, DC. Available online at: [http://www.oas.org/dsd/publications/Unit/oea59e/begin.htm#Contents]
Wang Y, Guo J, Wang T, Ding A, Gao J, Zhou Y, Collett JJL, Wang W (2011) Influence of regional pollution and sandstorms on the chemical composition of cloud/fog at the summit of Mt. Taishan in northern China. Atmos Res 99:434–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.11.010
Wang Q, Zhuang G, Huang K, Liu T, Deng C, Xu J, Lin Y, Guo Z, Chen Y, Fu Q, Fu J, Chen J (2015) Probing the severe haze pollution in three typical regions of China: characteristics, sources and regional impacts. Atmos Environ 120:76–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.08.076
Wang F, Michalski G, Luo H, Caffee M (2017) Role of biological soil crusts in affecting soil evolution and salt geochemistry in hyper-arid Atacama Desert, Chile. Geoderma 307:54–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.07.035
Weiss–Penzias P, Fernandez Fernández D, Moranville R, Saltikov C (2018) A low cost system for detecting fog events and triggering an active fog water collector. Aerosol Air Qual Res 18:214–223. https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2016.11.0508
World Health Organization, WHO (1996) Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Health criteria and other supporting information. World Health Organization, Geneva http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/nutrientschap12.pdf
World Health Organization, WHO (2003) Arsenic in drinking-water. Documento de referencia para la elaboración de las Guías de la OMS para la calidad del agua potable. Ginebra (Suiza), Organización Mundial de la Salud (WHO/SDE/WSH/03.04/75)
World Health Organization, WHO (2017) Guidelines for drinking-water quality: Fourth edition incorporating the first addendum. ISBN: 978–92–4–154995–0, p.631. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/254637/1/9789241549950–eng.pdf?ua=1
Wu Y, Xu Z, Liu W, Zhao T, Zhang X, Jiang H, Yu C, Zhou L, Zhou X (2016) Chemical compositions of precipitation at three non–urban sites of Hebei Province, North China: influence of terrestrial sources on ionic composition. Atmos Res 181:115–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2016.06.009
Xu ZF, Han GL (2009) Chemical and strontium isotope characterization of rainwater in Beijing, China. Atmos Environ 43(12):1954–1961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.01.010
Acknowledgments
Thanks are due to Eng. Carlos Gonzalez Allende for his valuable help at the experimental station. We also thank Sr. Hugo Streeter from Agrupación Atrapaniebla and Sr. Cristian Droguett from Analytica Chañar Ltda. The authors thank M. Cisterna for reviewing the English of the manuscript.
Funding
This project was funded by Fondo de Incentivo a la Competitividad GORE Atacama (BIP code 30337674–0).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Gerhard Lammel
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Bonnail, E., Cunha Lima, R. & Martínez Turrieta, G. Trapping fresh sea breeze in desert? Health status of Camanchaca, Atacama’s fog. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 18204–18212 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2278-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2278-6