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Titanium dioxide-based sonophotocatalytic mineralization of bisphenol A and its intermediates

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Abstract

In this study, bisphenol A (BPA) removal by sonophotocatalysis coupled with commercially available titanium dioxide (TiO2, P25) was assessed in batch tests using energy-based advanced oxidation combining ultrasound (US) and ultraviolet (UV). The kinetics of BPA removal were systematically evaluated by changing operational parameters, such as US frequency and power, mechanical stirring speed, and temperature, but also comparison of single and coupled systems under the optimum US conditions (35 kHz, 50 W, 300 rpm stirring speed, and 20 °C). The combination of US/UV/P25 exhibited the highest BPA removal rate (28.0 × 10−3 min−1). In terms of the synergy index, the synergistic effect of sonophotocatalysis was found to be 2.2. This indicated that sonophotocatalysis has a considerably higher removal efficiency than sonocatalysis or photocatalysis. The removal of BPA was further investigated to identify BPA byproducts and intermediates using high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Five main intermediates were formed during sonophotocatalytic degradation, and complete removal of BPA and its intermediates was obtained after 3 h of operation. The degradation pathway of BPA by sonophotocatalysis was also elucidated.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by a University of Malaya Research Grant (RP019B-13AET) and partly supported by the Geo-Advanced Innovative Action Project (2012000550002) and funded by the Korea Ministry of Environment (MOE).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Sharmini Sunasee, Gooyong Lee & Shaliza Ibrahim

  2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, 20 Kwangwoon-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea

    Kien Tiek Wong, Chulhwan Park, Nam Chan Kim & Min Jang

  3. Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Sardar Patel Nagar, Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India

    Saravanan Pichiah

  4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA

    Yeomin Yoon

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  1. Sharmini Sunasee
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  2. Kien Tiek Wong
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  4. Saravanan Pichiah
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  5. Shaliza Ibrahim
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  9. Min Jang
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Correspondence to Shaliza Ibrahim or Min Jang.

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Responsible editor: Vítor Pais Vilar

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Sunasee, S., Wong, K.T., Lee, G. et al. Titanium dioxide-based sonophotocatalytic mineralization of bisphenol A and its intermediates. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 15488–15499 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9124-0

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