Abstract
The fungicide cyproconazole (CPZ) inhibits the biosynthesis of ergosterol, an essential sterol component in fungal cell membrane and can also affect non-target organisms by its inhibitory effects on P450 monooxygenases. The predicted environmental concentration of CPZ is up to 49.05 μg/L and 145.89 μg/kg in surface waters and sediments, respectively, and information about CPZ toxicity towards non-target aquatic organisms is still limited. This study aimed to address the lack of ecotoxicological data for CPZ, and thus, an evaluation of the lethal and sub-lethal effects of CPZ was performed using two freshwater invertebrates (the midge Chironomus riparius and the planarian Dugesia tigrina). The estimated CPZ 48 h LC50 (95% CI) was 17.46 mg/L for C. riparius and 47.38 mg/L for D. tigrina. The emergence time (EmT50) of C. riparius was delayed by CPZ exposure from 0.76 mg/L. On the other hand, planarians showed higher tolerance to CPZ exposure. Sub-lethal effects of CPZ on planarians included reductions in locomotion (1.8 mg/L), delayed photoreceptors regeneration (from 0.45 mg/L), and feeding inhibition (5.6 mg/L). Our results confirm the moderate toxicity of CPZ towards aquatic invertebrates but sub-lethal effects observed also suggest potential chronic effects of CPZ with consequences for population dynamics.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior-CAPES, Brazil (Edital 71/2013—Programa Ciência Sem Fronteiras—Modalidade Pesquisador Visitante Especial-PVE—Projeto: A058_2013). Support was also given by the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic—projects “CENAKVA” (No. CZ.1.05/2.1.00/01.0024) and “CENAKVA II” (No. LO1205 under the NPU I program) and by the Czech Science Foundation (No. 16-06498S). Renato A. Sarmento received scholarship from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq, Brazil (Projets: 304178/2015-2; 200895/2015-0). João Pestana acknowledges the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) for the research contracts under the program “Investigador FCT” (IF/01420/2015). Althiéris S. Saraiva acknowledges the Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano—campus Campos Belos for support and partnership.
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Saraiva, A.S., Sarmento, R.A., Golovko, O. et al. Lethal and sub-lethal effects of cyproconazole on freshwater organisms: a case study with Chironomus riparius and Dugesia tigrina. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 12169–12176 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-1180-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-1180-y