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The effects of aquaculture on mercury distribution, changing speciation, and bioaccumulation in a reservoir ecosystem

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Abstract

A survey was conducted in a freshwater reservoir located in Guizhou province, south China, to investigate the influence of fish aquaculture activities on mercury (Hg) distribution, speciation change, and bioaccumulation. Water, sediment, and aquaculture fish samples were collected from aquaculture sites (AS) and the corresponding reference sites (RS). The results showed that total mercury (THg) concentration in overlying water in Wujiangdu reservoir reached 6.87 ± 14.9 ng L−1. THg concentration in a different layer follows the sequence: surface layer > bottom layer > three intermediate layers with significant difference. In addition, the total methylmercury (TMeHg) concentration in overlying water was 0.113 ± 0.211 ng L−1. The highest TMeHg was observed in the bottom layer. Both dissolved Hg (DHg) and dissolved methylmercury (DMeHg) accounted for more than 50% of THg and TMeHg in the top four layers of overlying water, respectively. In contrast, particulate Hg (PHg) and particulate methylmercury were the major portion of THg and TMeHg in bottom layer and reached to 67 and 58.7% of THg and TMeHg, respectively. Aquaculture activities were estimated to contribute an annual loading of approximately 69.8 ng g−1of THg yearly in the top 1 cm of sediment underneath the rafts due to unconsumed fish feed. The extra loading of THg in sediment may have potential to stimulate the release of Hg to the overlying water. Both DMeHg and DHg in sediment pore water and organic matter (OM) contents in the top 4 cm of AS were noticeably higher than RS, which indicated that the accumulation of OM due to aquaculture activities promoted MeHg production in the top surface of sediment pore water. No significant difference was noted between THg in RS (296 ± 104 ng g−1) and AS (274 ± 132 ng g−1) in the solid phase. In addition, the sediments were net sources of both MeHg and inorganic Hg. For Hg in fish tissues, THg and inorganic Hg (IHg) in the liver were significantly higher (THg: p < 0.001, F = 9.98; IHg: p < 0.001, F = 13.1) than those in the other organs. In contrast, MeHg concentration in the muscle was significantly higher than (p < 0.01, F = 4.83) that in the other organs.

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Acknowledgements

Financial support from the Innovative Team Foundation of Zhejiang Province (2013TD12), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21577130), and Zhejiang Provincial Public Techniques Research and Social Development Project (2015C33050) are gratefully acknowledged. We would also like to thank the support of the Innovation Technology Fund (ITS/174/14FX) for visiting the Education University of Hong Kong.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, People’s Republic of China

    Peng Liang & Xinbin Feng

  2. School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang Agricultural and Forest University, Lin’an, 311300, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China

    Peng Liang, Qiongzhi You, Xuefei Gao, Jialin Xu, Peter Christie & Sheng-Chun Wu

  3. Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China

    Peng Liang & Minghung Wong

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  1. Peng Liang
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  2. Xinbin Feng
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Correspondence to Xinbin Feng or Sheng-Chun Wu.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Appendix

Appendix

Table 1 THg, DHg, and PHg concentrations (ng·L−1) in overlying water from aquaculture sites (AS) and reference sites (RS) located in Wujiangdu reservoir
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Table 2 TMeHg, DMeHg, and PMeHg concentrations (ng·L−1) in overlying water from aquaculture sites (AS) and reference sites (RS) located in Wujiangdu reservoir
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Table 3 Dissolved organic carbon and total suspended particles at different depths of aquaculture sites (AS) and reference sites (RS)
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Table 4 Estimated diffusion fluxes of inorganic Hg and MeHg in aquaculture site (AS) and reference site (RS) of Wujiangdu (WJD) reservoir in different seasons (in ng·m−2·day −1)
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Liang, P., Feng, X., You, Q. et al. The effects of aquaculture on mercury distribution, changing speciation, and bioaccumulation in a reservoir ecosystem. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 25923–25932 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0189-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0189-6

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