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Low C/N ratio raw textile wastewater reduced labile C and enhanced organic-inorganic N and enzymatic activities in a semiarid alkaline soil

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Abstract

Application of raw and treated wastewater for irrigation is an extensive practice for agricultural production in arid and semiarid regions. Raw textile wastewater has been used for cultivation in urban and peri-urban areas in Pakistan without any systematic consideration to soil quality. We conducted a laboratory incubation study to investigate the effects of low C/N ratio raw textile wastewater on soil nitrogen (N) contents, labile carbon (C) as water-soluble C (WSC) contents, and activities of urease and dehydrogenase enzymes. The 60-day incubation study used an alkaline clay loam aridisol that received 0 (distilled water), 25, 50, and 100% wastewater concentrations, and microcosms were incubated aerobically under room temperature at 70% water holding capacity. Results revealed that raw wastewater significantly (p < 0.05) changed soil N pools and processes, WSC contents, and enzymatic activities. The organic and inorganic N species increased with increasing wastewater concentrations, whereas WSC contents followed an opposite trend. The highest NH4 +-N and NO3 −-N contents were observed in soil treated with 100% wastewater. The extractable organic N (EON) contents always represented >50% of the soil total Kjeldahl N (TKN) contents and served as the major N pool. However, nitrification index (NO3 −-N/NH4 +-N ratio) decreased at high wastewater concentrations. A significant negative correlation was observed between EON and WSC (p < 0.05) and between net nitrification and WSC/EON ratio (p < 0.01). In contrast, nitrification index and WSC contents were correlated, positively suggesting WSC potentially controlling N turnover in nutrient-poor aridisol. We found significant (p < 0.0001) positive correlations of soil urease and dehydrogenase enzymatic activities with soil-extractable mineral N contents indicating coupled N cycling and soil biological activity. Higher production and accumulation of soil NO3 −-N and EON contents in concentrated wastewater-treated soil could pose an ecological concern for soil fertility, biological health, and water quality. However, the EON could lead to mineral N pool but only if sufficient labile C source was present. The effects of wastewater irrigation on soil N cycling need to be assessed before it is recommended for crop production.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan for providing financial support for this research work via grant no. PM-IPFP/HRD/HEC/2011/2269. The current work is part of the thesis of M. Phil research work of Miss Mahnaz Roohi.

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  1. Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Mahnaz Roohi, Muhammad Riaz, Muhammad Saleem Arif & Tahira Yasmeen

  2. Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

    Sher Muhammad Shahzad

  3. Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Muhammad Arslan Ashraf

  4. Soil Science Division, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), Jhang Road, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Atif Riaz

  5. Department of Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan

    Ishaq A. Mian

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  1. Mahnaz Roohi
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Roohi, M., Riaz, M., Arif, M.S. et al. Low C/N ratio raw textile wastewater reduced labile C and enhanced organic-inorganic N and enzymatic activities in a semiarid alkaline soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 3456–3469 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8102-2

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