Abstract
Ditches are subjected to a large input of nutrients, trace metals, and arsenic and the enhancement of sedimentation due to human activities. However, the influence of different types of land uses on the distribution and associated environmental risk of metals and arsenic in the Red purple Sichuan Basin remains largely unclear, which is needed for water management. This study was carried out to characterize metal/metalloid status in ditch sediments from different land uses. A total of 68 surface sediment samples (0–5 cm) were collected from open ditches distributed in different land use types, i.e., cultivated ditches (CD), barren land ditches (BLD), roadside ditches (RSD), and residential ditches (RD), within the Sichuan Basin. Mean concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Mn in both RD and RSD were above the soil background values of Sichuan Basin, but Cd in ditch sediments of the basin posed considerable ecological risk to the environment. Overall, metals/metalloid (except Pb) decreased in the following order of RD > RSD > BLD > CD. Of the different land use types in the hilly region, residential and roadside land uses were likely to adverse effects on aquatic life. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that Mn, As, Cu, Ni, Zn, Fe, and Al were mainly influenced by natural weathering (erosion), while Pb might come from heavy vehicular traffic. The degree of contamination (Md), enrichment factor (EF), and the geo-accumulation index (Igeo) showed that Cd causes strong sediment pollution in the basin. Sediment quality guidelines SQG-Q values displayed that metals and arsenic created medium-low potential of adverse biological effects. These results provide baseline information on the metals and arsenic pollution in the Sichuan Basin. Awareness of land use type contributions to metals and arsenic requires that these man-made ditches be considered for their mitigation of pollutants in this region.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Addo MA, Affum H, Botwe BO, Gbadago JK, Acquah SA, Senu JK, Adom T, Coleman A (2012) Assessment of water quality and heavy metal levels in water and bottom sediment samples from Mokwe Lagoon, Accra, Ghana, Res. J Environ Earth Sc 4:119–130
Almasoud FI, Usman AR, Al-Farraj AS (2015) Heavy metals in the soils of the Arabian gulf coast affected by industrial activities: analysis and assessment using enrichment factor and multivariate analysis. Arab J Geosci 8:1691
Arivoli A, Mohanraj R, Seenivasan R (2015) Application of vertical flow constructed wetland in treatment of heavy metals from pulp and paper industry wastewater. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:13336–13343
Bai JH, Xiao R, Cui BS, Zhang KJ, Wang QG, Liu XH, Gao HF, Huang LB (2011) Assessment of heavy metal pollution in wetland soils from the young and old reclaimed regions in the Pearl River Estuary, South China. Environ Pollut 159:817–824
Bao S (2000) Analytical notebook of agricultural chemistry in soil, 3rd edn. Agricultural Publishing House, Beijing in Chinese
Bennett ER, Moore MT, Cooper CM, Smith S Jr, Shields FD Jr, Drouillard KG, Schulz R (2005) Vegetated agricultural drainage ditches for the mitigation of pyrethroid-associated runoff. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:2121–2127
Bo L, Wang D, Li T, Li Y, Zhang G, Wang C, Zhang S (2015) Accumulation and risk assessment of heavy metals in water, sediments, and aquatic organisms in rural rivers in the Taihu Lake region, China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:6721–6731
Bortone G, Arevalo E, Deibel I, Detzner HD, de Propris L, Elskens F, Giordano A, Van Veen J (2004) Synthesis of the SedNet work package 4 outcomes. J Soils Sediments 4:225–232
Bouldin JL, Farris JL, Moore MT, Cooper CM (2004) Vegetative and structural characteristics of agricultural drainages in the Mississippi Delta landscapes. Environ Pollut 132:403–411
Buchanan BP, Falbo SRL, Easton ZM, Walter MT (2012) Hydrological impact of roadside ditches in an agricultural watershed in Central New York: implications for non-point source pollutant transport. Hydrol Process. doi:10.1002/hyp.9305
Cai LM, Huang LC, Zhou YZ, Xu ZC, Peng XC, Yao LA, Zhou Y, Peng PA (2010) Heavy metal concentrations of agricultural soils and vegetables from Dongguan, Guangdong. J Geogr Sci 20:121–134
CEMS: Chinese environmental monitoring station (1990) Background values of elements in soils of China (in Chinese). China Environmental Press, Beijing, p. 501
Chapman D (1992) Chapman, water quality assessment: a guide of the use of biota, sediments and water in environmental monitoring. University Press, Cambridge, p. 585
Cheng S (2003) Heavy metal pollution in China: origin, pattern and control. Environ Sci Pollut Res 10:192–198
Chinese Soil Science Society (2000) Analytical methods for soil agricultural chemistry. China agricultural science and technology press, Beijing in Chinese
CNEMC, 1990. (China National Environmental Monitoring Center). The soil background value in China [R]. China Environmental Science Press, Beijing (in Chinese).
De Laney TA (1995) Benefits to downstream flood attenuation and water quality as a result of constructed wetlands in agricultural landscapes. J Soil Water Conserv 50:620–626
Du J, Luo Y, Zhang W, Xu C, Wei C (2013) Major element geochemistry of purple soils/rocks in the red Sichuan Basin, China: implications of their diagenesis and pedogenesis. Environ Earth Sci 69:1831–1844
ECGSD (1999) In: Environment, C.C.o.M.o.t. (Ed.). Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life—arsenic 4 pp
Facchinelli A, Sacchi E, Mallen L (2001) Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environ Pollut 114:313–324
Fathollahzadeh H, Fabio K, Amit B, William H (2015) Significance of environmental dredging on metal mobility from contaminated sediments in the Oskarshamn Harbor, Sweden. Chemosphere 119:445–451
Foley JA, DeFries R, Asner GP, Barford C, Bonan G, Carpenter SR (2005) Global consequences of land use. Science 309:570–574
Franco-Urıa A, Lo´ pez-Mateo C, Roca E, Fernandez-Marcos ML (2009) Source identification of heavy metals in pastureland by multivariate analysis in NW Spain. J Hazard Mater 165:1008–1015
Gao Y, Zhu B, Zhou P, Tang JL, Wang T (2009) Effects of vegetation cover on phosphorus loss from a hillslope cropland of purple soil under simulated rainfall: a case study in China. Nutr Cycl Agro ecosys 85:263–273
Gaur VK, Gupta SK, Pandey SD, Gopal K, Misra V (2005) Distribution of heavy metals in sediment and water of river Gomti. Environ Monit Assess 102:419–433
Gong ZT (1999) Chinese soil taxonomy. Science Press, pp:756–760 in Chinese
Guhathakurta H, Kaviraj A (2004) Effects of salinity and mangrove detritus on desorption of metals from brackish water desorption of metals from brackish water and shrimp. Acta Hydrochim Hydrobiol 32:411–418
Hakanson L (1980) Ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control, a sedimentological approach. Water Res 14:975–1001
He YR (2003) Purple soils in China, vol 14. Chinese Science Press, Beijing, pp. 80–81 in Chinese
Hernandez L, Probst A, Probst JL, Ulrich E (2003) Heavy metal distribution in some French forest soils: evidence for atmosphere contamination. Sci Total Environ 312:195–210
Houqi L, Guijian L, Chunnian D, Zijiao Y, Wang J (2015) Concentration and fractionation of heavy metals in the Old Yellow River estuary, China. J Environ Qual 44:174–182
Janse JH, Peter JTM, Puijenbroek V (1998) Effects of eutrophication in drainage ditches. Environ Pollut 102:547–552
Jeanne D, Cécile D, Jean-Stéphane B, Philippe L, Marc V (2015) Managing ditches for agroecological engineering of landscape. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 35:999–1020
Karadede-Akin H, Ünlü E (2007) Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediment, fish and some benthic organisms from Tigris River, Turkey. Environ Monit Assess 131:323–337
Kröger R, Moore MT, Locke MA, Cullum RF, Steinriede RW Jr, Testa S III, Bryant CT, Cooper CM (2009) Evaluating the influence of wet- land vegetation on chemical residence time in Mississippi Delta drainage ditches. Agric Water Manag 96:1175–1179
Kumwimba MN, Zhu B, Wang T, Yuan Z, Muyembe DK (2016) Metal Distribution and Contamination Assessment in Drainage Ditch Water in the Main Rice/Vegetable Area of Sichuan Hilly Basin. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 96:248--253
Lacerda LD, de Souza M, Ribeiro MG (2004) The effects of land use change on mercury distribution in soils of Alta Floresta, southern Amazon. Environ Pollut 129:247–255
Lecce SA, Pease PP, Gares PA, Wang J (2006) Seasonal controls on sediment delivery in a small coastal plain watershed, North Carolina, USA. Geomorphology 73:246–260
Li Q, Wu Z, Chu B, Zhang N, Cai S, Fang J (2007) Heavy metals in coastal wetland sediments of the Pearl River Estuary, China. Environ Pollut 149:158–164
Li ZM (ed) (1991) Purple soils in China (I). Science Press, Beijing, pp. 23–85 in Chinese
Licursi M, Gomez N (2009) Effects of dredging on benthic diatom assemblages in a lowland stream. J Environ Manag 90:973–982
Liu GS (1996) Soil physical and chemical analysis and description of soil profiles. China Standard Press, Beijing, pp. 230–256 in Chinese
Long ER, MacDonald DD (1998) Recommended uses of empirically derived, sediment quality guidelines for marine and estuarine ecosystems. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 4:1019–1039
Long H, Zou J, Liu Y (2009) Differentiation of rural development driven by industrialization and urbanization in eastern coastal China. Habitat Int 33:454–462
MacDonald DD, Carr S, Clader FD, Long ED, Ingersoll CG (1996) Development and evaluation of sediment quality guidelines for Florida coastal waters. Ecotoxicology 5:253–278
MacDonald DD, Ingersoll CG, Berger TA (2000) Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 39:20–31
Mamat Z, Haximu S, Zhang ZY, Aji R (2016) An ecological risk assessment of heavy metal contamination in the surface sediments of Bosten Lake, Northwest China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23:7255–7265
Martinuzzi S, Januchowski-Hartley SR, Pracheil BM, McIntyre PB, Plantinga AJ, Lewis DJ (2014) Threats and opportunities for freshwater conservation under future land use change scenarios in the United States. Glob Chang Biol 20:113–124
Matos AT, Fontes MPF, Da C, Martinez MA (2001) Mobility of heavy metals as related to soil chemical and mineralogical characteristics of Brazilian soils. Environ Pollut 111:429–435
Mico C, Recatala L, Peris M, Sanchez J (2006) Assessing heavy metal sources in agricultural soils of an European Mediterranean area by multivariate analysis. Chemosphere 65:863–872
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and human well-being. Island Press, Washington DC
Müller G (1985) Die Schwermetallbelastung der sedimente des Neckars und seiner NebenFlusse: eine Bestandsaufnahme. Chemical Zeitung 105:157–164
National Environmental Bureau (NEB) (1998) Water and waste analysis, 3rd edn. Chinese Environmental Science Publish House, Beijing, China
Needelman BA, Kleinman PJA, Strock JS, Allen AL (2007) Improved management of agricultural drainage ditches for water quality protection: an overview. J Soil Water Conserv 62:171–178
Ongley EDZXL, Tao Y (2010) Current status of agricultural and rural non-point source pollution assessment in China. Environ Pollut 158:1159–1168
Palermo MR, Schroeder PR, Estes TJ, Francingues NR (2008) Technical guidelines for environmental dredging of contaminated sediments. Environmental Laboratory U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, Vicksburg, MS. p. 304.
Pérez G, López-Mesas M, Valiente M (2008) Assessment of heavy metals remobilization by fractionation: comparison of leaching tests applied to roadside sediments. Environ Sci Technol 42:2309–2315
Prat N, Toja J, Solà C, Burgos MD, Plans M, Rieradevall M (1999) Effect of dumping and cleaning activities on the aquatic ecosystems of the Guadiamar River following a toxic flood. Sci Total Environ 242:231–248
Rodríguez Martín JA, Vázquez de la Cueva A, Grau Corbí JM, López Arias M (2007) Factors controlling the spatial variability of copper in topsoils of the northeastern region of the Iberian Peninsula, Spain. Water Air Soil Pollut 186:311–321
Sabin LD, Hee LJ, Teresa VM, Winer AM, Schiff KC, Stolzenbach KD (2006) Dry deposition and resuspension of particle-associated metals near a freeway in Los Angeles. Atmos Environ 40:7528–7538
Salomons W, Forstner U (1984) Metals in the hydrocycle. Springer, Berlin, p. 349
Seshan BRR, Natesan U, Deepthi K (2010) Geochemical and statistical approach for evaluation of heavy metal pollution in core sediments in southeast coast of India. Int J Environ Sci Tech 7:291–306
Sharpley AN, Krogstad T, Kleinman PJA, Haggard F, Shigaki LS, Saporito (2007) Managing natural processes in drainage ditches for nonpoint- source phosphorus control. J Soil Water Cons 62:197–206
Shore M, Jordan P, Mellander PE, Kelly-Quinn M, Melland AR (2015) An agricultural drainage channel classification system for phosphorus management. Agric Ecosyst Environ 199:207–215
Smith DR, Pappas EA (2007) Effect of ditch dredging on the fate of nutrients in deep drainage ditches of the Midwestern United States. J Soil Water Conserv 62:252–261
Streiner DL (1994) Figuring out factors: the use and misuse of factor analysis. Can J Psychiatr 39:135--140
Suresh G, Sutharsan P, Ramasamy V, Venkatachalapathy R (2011) Assessment of spatial distribution and potential ecological risk of the heavy metals in relation to granulometric contents of Veeranam lake sediments, India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 84:117–124
Tomlinson DL, Wilson JG, Harris CR, Jeffrey DW (1980) Problems in the assessment of heavy metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index. Helgoländer Meeresun 33:566–575
Tucker GE, Bras RL (1998) Hillslope processes, drainage density, and landscape morphology. Water Resour Res 34:2751–2764
Turekian KK, Wedepohl KH (1961) Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Geol. Soc Am Bull 72:175–192
Turer D, Maynard JB, Sansalone JJ (2001) Heavy metal contamination in soils of urban highways: comparison between runoff and soil concentrations at Cincinnati, Ohio. Water Air Soil Pollut 132:293–314
US EPA (2001) Methods for collection, storage and manipulation of sediments for chemical and toxicological analyses: technical manual. EPA-823-B-01-002, Office of Water, Washington, DC
Wang M, Webber M, Finlayson B, Barnett J (2008) Rural industries and water pollution in China. J Environ Manag 86:648–659
Wasserman JC, Barros SR, Lima GBA (2013) Planning dredging services in contaminated sediments for balanced environmental and investment costs. Environ Manag 121:48–56
Wedepohl KH (1995) The composition of the continental crust. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:1217–1232
Wilhelmsson A (2012) Fly ash—a potential binder component for stabilization and solidification of dredged material. In: Proceeding of 8th Eco-Tech Conference. Kalmar, Sweden, November 26–28.
Wong CSC (2002) A study of trace metal contamination of urban soils in Hong Kong and agricultural soils in the Pearl River Delta. Unpublished MPhil dissertation, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong.
Yang Y, Chen F, Zhang L, Liu J, Wu S, Kang M (2012) Comprehensive assessment of heavy metal contamination in sediment of the Pearl River Estuary and adjacent shelf. Mar Pollut Bull 64:1947–1955
Yang ZF, Cheng HX, Xi XH (2005) Regional ecological geochemical assessment: ideas and prospects. Geol. Bull China 24:687–693 in Chinese
Zhang J, Liu CL (2002) Riverine composition and estuarine geochemistry of particulate metals in China-weathering features, anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci 54:1051–1070
Zheng SA, Zheng XQ, Chen C (2013) Transformation of metal speciation in purple soil as affected by waterlogging. Int J Environ Sci Technol 10:351–358
Zhou M, Zhu B, Butterbach-Bah K, Wang T, Jessica B, Nicolas B, Wang Z, Li T, Kuang F (2012) Nitrate leaching, direct and indirect nitrous oxide fluxes from sloping cropland in the purple soil area, southwestern China. Environ Pollut 162:361–368
Zhu B, Wang T, Kuang FH, Luo ZX, Tang JL, Xu TP (2009) Measurements of nitrate leaching from a hillslope cropland in the Central Sichuan Basin, China. Soil Sci Soc Am J 73:1419–1426
Zhu B, Wang T, You X, Gao MR (2008) Nutrient release from weathering of purplish rocks in the Sichuan Basin, China. Pedosphere 18:257–264
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the Natural Science Foundation of China (41430750)‚ the STS project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-SW-STS-175-02), Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolvement and Regulation, and the CAS-TWAS president’s fellowship program for developing countries for financial support of this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 605 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nsenga Kumwimba, M., Zhu, B., Wang, T. et al. Distribution and risk assessment of metals and arsenic contamination in man-made ditch sediments with different land use types. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 24808–24823 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7690-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7690-1