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Role of metals in free radical generation and genotoxicity induced by airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) from Pune (India)

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Abstract

In the present study, metal-facilitated free radical generation in particulate matter (PM) and its association with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage were studied. The examined data showed that the concentration of fine PM in Pune exhibited seasonal variations. Inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was used to examine the metal composition, which showed the presence of metals such as Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Cr, Pb, Cd, and Ni. Fe metal was present in the highest concentrations in both the seasons, followed by Zn. The scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) results also demonstrated that the fine PM particles deposited in summer samples were less than those of winter samples, suggesting that the PM load in winter was higher as compared to that in summer. Elemental mapping of these particles substantiates deposition of metals as Fe, Zn, etc. on particles. The electron paramagnetic species (EPR) technique was utilized for free radical detection, and plasmid DNA assay was utilized to study the genotoxicity of ambient fine PM. Obtained g values show the presence of radicals in PM samples of Pune. PM contains the C-centered radical with a vicinal oxygen atom (g = 2.003). In addition to this, the g value for Fe was also observed. Therefore, we intend that the radicals related with fine PM comprise metal-mediated radicals and produce DNA damage. The plasmid DNA assay results indicated that the TM50 values (toxic mass of PM causing 50 % of plasmid DNA damage) of PM exhibited seasonal variations with higher TM50 values for summer and lower TM50 values during winter.

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the Department of Science and Technology (DST No. SR/FTP/ES-91/2009) and UGC (F. No. 41-324/2012 (SR)), New Delhi, for financial assistance. The authors also express their gratitude to the Head, Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, for her encouragement. IIT, SAIF—Mumbai is also acknowledged for analyzing the samples on ICP-AES and EPR.

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  1. Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, 411 007, India

    Suman Yadav, Rohi Jan, Ritwika Roy & P. Gursumeeran Satsangi

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  1. Suman Yadav
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  2. Rohi Jan
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  3. Ritwika Roy
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  4. P. Gursumeeran Satsangi
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Correspondence to P. Gursumeeran Satsangi.

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Responsible editor: Henner Hollert

Research highlights

•Among the metals detected in fine PM, Fe concentration was found to be highest.

•EPR showed the presence of free radicals, Fe, carbon-centered radicals, etc.

•DNA damage corroborated the high concentration of metal content and free radicals in the PM.

•TM50 value of winter samples are lower than the summer samples.

•Oxidative ability of the winter PM samples was higher than that of the summer samples

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Yadav, S., Jan, R., Roy, R. et al. Role of metals in free radical generation and genotoxicity induced by airborne particulate matter (PM2.5) from Pune (India). Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 23854–23866 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7494-3

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