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Effect of freeze-thaw cycles and 4-nonylphenol on cellular energy allocation in the freeze-tolerant enchytraeid Enchytraeus albidus

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Abstract

Due to climate change and intense anthropogenic activity, organisms from cold regions are often exposed to combined effects of temperature fluctuations and contaminants. In this investigation, we assessed the lipid, protein, and carbohydrate energy budgets; the energy available (Ea); consumed (Ec); and cellular energy allocation (CEA) of the freeze-tolerant Enchytraeus albidus, when exposed to sublethal concentrations of 4-nonylphenol (a lipophilic contaminant) for 7 days, followed by exposure to different temperature regimes (continuous 2 °C, continuous −4 °C, and daily freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) (2 to −4 °C) for additional 10 days. Results showed that a pre-exposure to 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) induced important changes in the worms’ energy budgets and CEA and increased mortality with most severe effects observed for the FTC events. For FTC, lipids were the most accumulated energy source, whereas during freezing (−4 °C), proteins were the most used. FTC caused the highest Ec, indicating the higher energy requirements for organisms when shifting between freezing and thawing events. This is also in line with the higher mortality observed in FTC compared to continuous −4 °C or 2 °C. Worms exposed to continuous freezing presented relatively stable and positive levels of Ea and low levels of Ec, possibly related with the decrease in metabolism.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the funding from FEDER through COMPETE and Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade and by national funding through FCT-Fundacão para a Ciência e Tecnologia, within the research project FUBIA FCOMP-01-0124-FEDER-008651 (Ref. PTDC/AAC-CLI/103719/2008) and through CESAM: UID/AMB/50017/2013. A. Patrício Silva was supported by an FCT—PhD grant (SFRH/BD/75209/2010). We thank V. Maria and S. Novais for the lab support and Dr. Holmstrup for the experimental design and comments.

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  1. Department of Biology & CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal

    Ana L. Patrício-Silva & Mónica J. B. Amorim

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  1. Ana L. Patrício-Silva
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  2. Mónica J. B. Amorim
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Correspondence to Mónica J. B. Amorim.

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Responsible editor: Cinta Porte

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Patrício-Silva, A.L., Amorim, M.J.B. Effect of freeze-thaw cycles and 4-nonylphenol on cellular energy allocation in the freeze-tolerant enchytraeid Enchytraeus albidus . Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 3548–3555 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5593-1

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