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Indoor air quality at life and work environments in Rome, Italy

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Abstract

The air quality of three different microenvironments (school, dwelling, and coffee bar) located in the city of Rome, Italy, was assessed. Indoor and outdoor concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) associated with PM2.5 particles were determined during an intensive 3-week sampling campaign conducted in March 2013. In interiors, total particulate PAHs ranged from 1.53 to 4.96 ng/m3 while outdoor air contained from 2.75 to 3.48 ng/m3. In addition, gaseous toxicants, i.e., NO2, NO x , SO2, O3, and BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene, and xylene isomers), were determined both in internal and external air. To solve the origin of indoor and outdoor PAHs, several source apportionment methods were applied. Multivariate analysis revealed that emissions from motor vehicles, biomass burning for heating purposes, and soil resuspension were the major sources of PAHs in the city. No linear correlation was established between indoor and outdoor values for PM2.5 and BTEX; the respective indoor/outdoor concentration ratios exceed unity except for PM2.5 in the no smoking home and benzene in all school floors. This suggests that important internal sources such as tobacco smoking, cleaning products, and resuspension dust contributed to indoor pollution. Using the monitoring stations of ARPA Lazio regional network as reference, the percentage within PAH group of benzo[a]pyrene, which is the WHO marker for the carcinogenic risk estimates, was ca. 50 % higher in all locations investigated.

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Abbreviations

BaA:

Benz[a]anthracene

CH:

Chrysene

BbF:

Benzo[b]fluoranthene

BjF:

Benzo[j]fluoranthene

BkF:

Benzo[k]fluoranthene

BeP:

Benzo[e]pyrene

BaP:

Benzo[a]pyrene

PE:

Perylene

IP:

Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene

DBA:

Dibenz[ah]anthracene

BPE:

Benzo[ghi]perylene

∑PAHs:

Total PAH

HCB-B:

CB home (bedroom)

HBC-D:

CB home (dining room)

HPR:

PR home

IGM:

Massaia Institute (school)

BAR:

(Coffee bar)

BEL:

Belloni-Cinecittà ARPA Lazio station

ARPA:

ARPA Lazio Region Network, average three urban stations

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Dr. Giuliano Fontinovo (National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research, CNR-IIA), for processing the map.

Special acknowledgement is for Mr. Fabrizio Sacco (ARPA Lazio, Rome, Italy) who provided excellent technical assistance in PAH sampling operations for Network ARPA Lazio.

We are indebted with G. Massaia Institute for hospitality and technical support; in particular, we want to thank Dr. Andrea Caroni and Prof. Loreta De Vincentis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3 Monterotondo Stazione, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Rome, Italy

    P. Romagnoli, C. Balducci, M. Perilli, F. Vichi, A. Imperiali & A. Cecinato

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  1. P. Romagnoli
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  2. C. Balducci
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  3. M. Perilli
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  4. F. Vichi
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Correspondence to P. Romagnoli.

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Responsible editor: Constantini Samara

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Table S1

Overview of the total and individual BTEX concentrations (μg/m3) at the indoor and outdoor monitoring sites. Site symbols: see Table 1. (DOCX 14 kb)

Table S2

Overview of O3, NO x , NO2, SO2 concentrations (μg/m3) at the indoor and outdoor monitoring sites. Site symbols: see Table 1. (DOCX 13 kb)

Table S3

a) Components in PCA analysis. b) Loadings given to the different variables in PCA analysis. c) Components scores of the different sites in PCA analysis. (DOCX 22 kb)

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Romagnoli, P., Balducci, C., Perilli, M. et al. Indoor air quality at life and work environments in Rome, Italy. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 3503–3516 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5558-4

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