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Dissipation of the fungicide hexaconazole in oil palm plantation

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Abstract

Hexaconazole is a potential fungicide to be used in the oil palm plantation for controlling the basal stem root (BSR) disease caused by Ganoderma boninense. Therefore, the dissipation rate of hexaconazole in an oil palm agroecosystem under field conditions was studied. Two experimental plots were treated with hexaconazole at the recommended dosage of 4.5 g a.i. palm−1 (active ingredient) and at double the recommended dosage (9.0 g a.i. palm−1), whilst one plot was untreated as control. The residue of hexaconazole was detected in soil samples in the range of 2.74 to 0.78 and 7.13 to 1.66 mg kg−1 at the recommended and double recommended dosage plots, respectively. An initial relatively rapid dissipation rate of hexaconazole residues occurred but reduced with time. The dissipation of hexaconazole in soil was described using first-order kinetics with the value of coefficient regression (r 2 > 0.8). The results indicated that hexaconazole has moderate persistence in the soil and the half-life was found to be 69.3 and 86.6 days in the recommended and double recommended dosage plot, respectively. The results obtained highlight that downward movement of hexaconazole was led by preferential flow as shown in image analysis. It can be concluded that varying soil conditions, environmental factors, and pesticide chemical properties of hexaconazole has a significant impact on dissipation of hexaconazole in soil under humid conditions.

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Acknowledgments

Sincere thanks are extended to the Director-General MPOB for permission to publish the paper. Thanks are also due to the technical staff at the Pesticides Laboratory, MBT laboratory, MPOB, and MPOB-UKM Research Station for their invaluable assistance. Special appreciation goes to Puan Nordiana Abd Aziz for her technical assistance and to Dr. Ariffin Darus and Prof. Kamaruzaman Jusoff for their editorial comments on the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Analytical and Quality Development Unit, Product Development and Advisory Services Division (PDAS), Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Zainol Maznah & Muhamad Halimah

  2. Faculty of Science and Technology, School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Sahid Ismail

  3. Ganoderma and Diseases Research for Oil Palm Unit, Biology Research Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB), No. 6, Persiaran Institusi, Bandar Baru Bangi, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Abu Seman Idris

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  1. Zainol Maznah
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  2. Muhamad Halimah
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Correspondence to Zainol Maznah.

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Responsible editor: Hongwen Sun

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Maznah, Z., Halimah, M., Ismail, S. et al. Dissipation of the fungicide hexaconazole in oil palm plantation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 19648–19657 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5178-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5178-z

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