Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Human serum levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in Uyghurs from Sinkiang-Uighur Autonomous Region, China: background levels study

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), are a family of commonly used industrial chemicals whose persistence and ubiquity in blood samples of humans and wildlife have become a growing concern. Despite PFOS and PFOA having been found in human blood and tissue samples from occupationally exposed workers and the general worldwide population, little systematic knowledge has accrued with respect to exposure levels in Uyghurs in the Sinkiang-Uighur Autonomous Region of China, which is predominantly agricultural and pastoral. Our goal was to provide background data for biological monitoring in the general population of this region. In this study, 110 self-reported healthy human serum samples were collected from nonoccupationally exposed Uyghurs volunteers and analyzed by microbore HPLC-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Among the 110 blood specimens, PFOS was detected in 102 samples (93 %) and ranged from the lower limit of quantification of 0.01 to 22.63 μg/L with a median of 1.93 μg/L (interquartile range 1.00–3.43 μg/L). The median was higher among males (2.39 μg/L; interquartile range 1.23–4.40 μg/L) than that among females (1.20 μg/L; interquartile range 0.83–2.77 μg/L). No significant difference was observed with respect to age. The concentration of PFOA was lower than that of PFOS and was found only in seven samples (6 %) at concentrations above the limit of quantification. This study is the first investigation to reveal serum PFOS and PFOA levels in the general population of Uyghurs. PFOS and PFOA concentrations found in the present investigation were lower than those found in recent studies consisting of subjects from different geographic locations (PFOS 5.0–44.7 μg/L, PFOA 1.5–10 μg/L).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abbott BD, Wolf CJ, Das KP, Zehr RD, Schmid JE, Lindstrom AB, Strynar MJ, Lau C (2009) Developmental toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is not dependent on expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPAR alpha) in the mouse. Reprod Toxicol 27:258–265

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexander BH, Olsen GW, Burris JM, Mandel JH, Mandel JS (2003) Mortality of employees of a perfluorooctanesulphonyl fluoride manufacturing facility. Occup Environ Med 60:722–729

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • AMAP. Arctic Pollution 2009. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo

  • Apelberg BJ, Witter FR, Herbstman JB, Calafat AM, Halden RU, Needham LL, Goldman LR (2007) Cord serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in relation to weight and size at birth. Environ Health Perspect 115:1670–1676

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bao J, Jin Y, Liu W, Ran X, Zhang Z (2009) Perfluorinated compounds in sediments from the Daliao River system of northeast China. Chemosphere 77:652–657

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bao J, Liu W, Liu L, Jin Y, Dai J, Ran X, Zhang Z, Tsuda S (2011) Perfluorinated compounds in the environment and the blood of residents living near fluorochemical plants in Fuxin, China. Environ Sci Technol 45:8075–8080

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bao J, Lee YL, Chen PC, Jin YH, Dong GH (2014) Perfluoroalkyl acids in blood serum samples from children in Taiwan. Environ Sci Pollut R 21(2):7650–7655

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barber JL, Berger U, Chaemfa C, Huber S, Jahnke A, Temme C, Jones KC (2007) Analysis of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances in air samples from Northwest Europe. J Environ Monit 9:530–541

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beesoon S, Genuis SJ, Benskin JP, Martin JW (2012) Exceptionally high serum concentrations of perfluorohexanesulfonate in a Canadian family are linked to home carpet treatment applications. Environ Sci Technol 46:12960–12967

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butenhoff JL, Chang SC, Olsen GW, Thomford PJ (2012) Chronic dietary toxicity and carcinogenicity study with potassium perfluorooctanesulfonate in Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicology 293:1–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calafat AM, Wong LY, Kuklenyik Z, Reidy JA, Needham LL (2007) Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in the U.S. population: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2004 and comparisons with NHANES 1999–2000. Environ Health Perspect 115:1596–1602

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conder JM, Hoke RA, De Wolf W, Russell MH, Buck RC (2008) Are PFCAs bioaccumulative? A critical review and comparison with regulatory criteria and persistent lipophilic compounds. Environ Sci Technol 42:995–1003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darrow LA, Stein CR, Steenland K (2013) Serum perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate concentrations in relation to birth outcomes in the Mid-Ohio Valley, 2005–2010. Environ Health Perspect 121:1207–1213

    Google Scholar 

  • de Vos MG, Huijbregts MA, van den Heuvel-Greve MJ, Vethaak AD, Van de Vijver KI, Leonards PE, van Leeuwen SP, de Vooqt P, Hendriks AJ (2008) Accumulation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in the food chain of the western Scheldt estuary: comparing field measurements with kinetic modeling. Chemosphere 70:1766–1773

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Domingo JL (2012) Health risks of dietary exposure to perfluorinated compounds. Environ Int 40:187–195

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong GH, Liu MM, Wang D, Zheng L, Liang ZF, Jin YH (2011) Sub-chronic effect of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) on the balance of type 1 and type 2 cytokine in adult C57BL6 mice. Arch Toxicol 85:1235–1244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong GH, Tung KY, Tsai CH, Liu MM, Wang D, Liu W, Jin YH, Hsieh WS, Lee YL, Chen PC (2013) Serum polyfluoroalkyl concentrations, asthma outcomes, and immunological markers in a case–control study of Taiwanese children. Environmental Health Perspective 121:507–513

    Google Scholar 

  • Ericson I, Gómez M, Nadal M, van Bavel B, Lindström G, Domingo JL (2007) Perfluorinated chemicals in blood of residents in Catalonia (Spain) in relation to age and gender: a pilot study. Environ Int 33:616–623

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falandysz J, Taniyasu S, Gulkowska A, Yamashita N, Schulte-Oehlmann U (2006) Is fish a major source of fluorinated surfactants and repellents in humans living on the Baltic Coast? Environ Sci Technol 40:748–751

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser AJ, Webster TF, Watkins DJ, Strynar MJ, Kato K, Calafat AM, Vieira VM, McClean MD (2013) Polyfluorinated compounds in dust from homes, offices, and vehicles as predictors of concentrations in office workers’ serum. Environ Int 60:128–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fromme H, Midasch O, Twardella D, Angerer J, Boehmer S, Liebl B (2007) Occurrence of perfluorinated substances in an adult German population in southern Bavaria. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 80:313–319

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giesy JP, Kannan K (2001) Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife. Environ Sci Technol 35:1339–1342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guruge KS, Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Wijeratna S, Mohotti KM, Seneviratne HR, Kannan K, Yamanaka N, Miyazaki S (2005) Perfluorinated organic compounds in human blood serum and seminal plasma: a study of urban and rural tea worker populations in Sri Lanka. J Environ Monit 7:371–377

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen KJ, Clemen LA, Ellefson ME, Johnson HO (2001) Compound-specific, quantitative characterization of organic fluorochemicals in biological matrices. Environ Sci Technol 35:766–770

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harada K, Nakanishi S, Saito N, Tsutsui T, Koizumi A (2005a) Airborne perfluorooctanoate may be a substantial source contamination in Kyoto area, Japan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 74:64–69

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harada K, Inoue K, Morikawa A, Yoshinaga T, Saito N, Koizumi A (2005b) Renal clearance of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate in humans and their species-specificexcretion. Environ Res 99:253–261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman K, Webster TF, Weisskopf MG, Weinberg J, Vieira VM (2010) Exposure to polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in U.S. children aged 12–15 years. Environ Health Perspect 118:1762–1767

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu JY, Hsu JF, Ho HH, Chiang CF, Liao PC (2013) Background levels of persistent organic pollutants in humans from Taiwan: perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid. Chemosphere 93:532–7

  • Humblet O, Diaz-Ramirez LG, Balmes JR, Pinney SM, Hiatt RA (2014) Perfluoroalkyl chemicals and asthma among children 12–19 years of age: NHANES (1999–2008). Environ Health Perspect. doi:10.1289/ehp.1306606

    Google Scholar 

  • Innes KE, Wimsatt JH, Frisbee S, Ducatman AM (2014) Inverse association of colorectal cancer prevalence to serum levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in a large Appalachian population. BMC Cancer 14:45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inoue K, Okada F, Ito R, Kato S, Sasaki S, Nakajima S, Uno A, Saijo Y, Sata F, Yoshimura Y, Kishi R, Nakazawa H (2004) Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related perfluorinated compounds in human maternal and cord blood samples: assessment of PFOS exposure in a susceptible population during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect 112:1204–1207

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ji K, Kim S, Kho Y, Paek D, Sakong J, Ha J, Kim S, Choi K (2012) Serum concentrations of major perfluorinated compounds among the general population in Korea: dietary sources and potential impact on thyroid hormones. Environ Int 45:78–85

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang W, Zhang Y, Zhu L, Deng J (2014) Serum levels of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) with isomer analysis and their associations with medical parameters in Chinese pregnant women. Environ Int 64:40–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jin YH, Liu W, Sato I, Nakayama SF, Sasaki K, Saito N, Tsuda S (2009) PFOS and PFOA in environmental and tap water in China. Chemosphere 77:605–6011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jin Y, Saito N, Harada KH, Inoue K, Koizumi A (2007) Historical trends in human serum levels of perfluorooctanoate and perfluorooctane sulfonate in Shenyang, China. Tohoku J Exp Med 212:63–70

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jin YH, Dong GH, Shu WQ, Ding M, Zhai C, Wang L, Liu X, Saitou N, Sasaki K (2006) Comparison of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctane acid in serum of non-occupational human from Shenyang and Chongqing areas. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 35:560–563

    Google Scholar 

  • Kannan K, Corsolini S, Falandysz J, Fillmann G, Kumar KS, Loganathan BG, Mohd MA, Olivero J, Van Wouwe N, Yang JH, Aldoust KM (2004) Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in human blood from several countries. Environ Sci Technol 38:4489–4495

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kärrman A, van Bavel B, Järnberg U, Hardell L, Lindström G (2006) Perfluorinated chemicals in relation to other persistent organic pollutants in human blood. Chemosphere 64:1582–1591

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kärrman A, Ericson I, van Bavel B, Darnerud PO, Aune M, Glynn A, Lignell S, Lindström G (2007) Exposure of perfluorinated chemicals through lactation: levels of matched human milk and serum and a temporal trend, 1996–2004, in Sweden. Environ Health Perspect 115:226–230

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kato K, Calafat AM, Wong LY, Wanigatunga AA, Caudill SP, Needham LL (2009) Polyluoroalkyl compounds in pooled sera from children participating in the nnational health and nutrition examination survey 2001–2002. Environ Sci Technol 43:2641–2647

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim HS, Jun Kwack S, Sik Han E, Seok Kang T, Hee Kim S, Young HS (2011) Induction of apoptosis and CYP4A1 expression in Sprague–Dawley rats exposed to low doses of perfluorooctane sulfonate. J Toxicol Sci 36:201–210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubwabo C, Vais N, Benoit FM (2004) A pilot study on the determination of perfluorooctane sulfonate and other perfluorinated compounds in blood of Canadians. J Environ Monit 6:540–545

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kudo N, Katakura M, Sato Y, Kawashima Y (2002) Sex hormone-regulated renal transport of perfluorooctanoic acid. Chem Biol Interact 139:301–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lau C, Anitole K, Hodes C, Lai D, Pfahles-Hutchens A, Seed J (2007) Perfluoroalkyl acids: a review of monitoring and toxicological findings. Toxicol Sci 99:366–394

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin CY, Chen PC, Lin YC, Lin LY (2009) Association among serum perfluoroalkyl chemicals, glucose homeostasis, and metabolic syndrome in adolescents and adults. Diabetes Care 32:702–707

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindh CH, Rylander L, Toft G, Axmon A, Rignell-Hydbom A, Giwercman A, Pedersen HS, Góalczyk K, Ludwicki JK, Zvyezday V, Vermeulen R, Lenters V, Heederik D, Bonde JP, Jönsson BA (2012) Blood serum concentrations of perfluorinated compounds in men from Greenlandic Inuit and European populations. Chemosphere 88:1269–1275

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loccisano AE, Campbell JL Jr, Butenhoff JL, Andersen ME, Clewell HJ 3rd (2012) Evaluation of placental and lactational pharmacokinetics of PFOA and PFOS in the pregnant, lactating, fetal and neonatal rat using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Reprod Toxicol 33:468–490

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lorber M, Eaglesham GE, Hobson P, Toms LM, Mueller JF, Thompson JS (2015) The effect of ongoing blood loss on human serum concentrations of perfluorinated acids. Chemosphere 118:170–177

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Midasch O, Schettgen T, Angerer J (2006) Pilot study on the perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate exposure of the German general population. Int J Hyg Environ Health 209:489–496

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melzer D, Rice N, Depledge MH, Henley WE, Galloway TS (2010) Association between serum perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and thyroid disease in the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Environ Health Perspect 118:686–692

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okada E, Sasaki S, Saijo Y, Washino N, Miyashita C, Kobayashi S, Konishi K, Ito YM, Ito R, Nakata A, Iwasaki Y, Saito K, Nakazawa H, Kishi R (2012) Prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals and relationship with allergies and infectious diseases in infants. Environ Res 112:118–125

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen GW, Burris JM, Ehresman DJ, Froehlich JW, Seacat AM, Butenhoff JL et al (2007) Half-life of serum elimination of perfuorooctanesulfonate, perfuorohexanesulfonate, and perfuorooctanoate in retired fuorochemical production workers. Environ Health Perspect 115:1298–1305

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen GW, Church TR, Miller JP, Burris JM, Hansen KJ, Lundberg JK, Armitage JB, Herron RM, Medhdizadehkashi Z, Nobiletti JB, O’Neill EM, Mandel JH, Zobel LR (2003) Perfluorooctanesulfonate and other fluorochemicals in the serum of American Red Cross adult blood donors. Environ Health Perspect 111:1892–1901

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen GW, Church TR, Larson EB, van Belle G, Lundberg JK, Hansen KJ, Burris JM, Mandel JH, Zobel LR (2004) Serum concentrations of perfluorooctanesulfonate and other fluorochemicals in an elderly population from Seattle, Washington. Chemosphere 54:1599–1611

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen GW, Mair DC, Church TR, Ellefson ME, Reagen WK, Boyd TM, Herron RM, Medhdizadehkashi Z, Nobiletti JB, Rios JA, Butenhoff JL, Zobel LR (2008) Decline in perfluorooctanesulfonate and other polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in American Red Cross adult blood donors, 2000–2006. Environ Sci Technol 42:4989–4995

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peden-Adams MM, Keller JM, EuDaly JG, Berger J, Gilkeson GS, Keil DE (2008) Suppression of humoral immunity in mice following exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate. Toxicol Sci 104:144–154

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato I, Kawamoto K, Nishikawa Y, Tsuda S, Yoshida M, Yaegashi K, Saito N, Liu W, Jin Y (2009) Neurotoxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in rats and mice after single oral exposure. J Toxicol Sci 34:569–574

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor KW, Hoffman K, Thayer KA, Daniels JL (2014) Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals and menopause among women 20–65 years of age (NHANES). Environ Health Perspect 122:145–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Toms LML, Calafat AM, Kato K, Thompson J, Harden F, Hobson P, Sjödin A, Mueller JF (2009) Polyfluoroalkyl chemicals in pooled blood serum from infants, children, and adults in Australia. Environ Sci Technol 43:4194–4199

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tittlemier SA, Pepper K, Seymour C, Moisey J, Bronson R, Cao XL, Dabeka RW (2007) Dietary exposure of Canadians to perfluorinated carboxylates and perfluorooctane sulfonate via consumption of meat, fish, fast foods, and food items prepared in their packaging. J Agric Food Chem 55:3203–3210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vanden Heuvel JP, Davis JW, Sommers R, Peterson RE (1992) Renal excretion of perfluorooctanoic acid in male rats: inhibitory effect of testosterone. J Biochem Toxicol 7:31–36

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vested A, Ramlau-Hansen CH, Olsen SF, Bonde JP, Kristensen SL, Halldorsson TI, Becher G, Haug LS, Ernst EH, Toft G (2013) Associations of in utero exposure to perfluorinated alkyl acids with human semen quality and reproductive hormones in adult men. Environ Health Perspect 121:453–458

    Google Scholar 

  • Wan HT, Leung PY, Zhao YG, Wei X, Wong MH, Wong CK (2013) Blood plasma concentrations of endocrine disrupting chemicals in Hong Kong populations. J Hazard Mater 261:763–769

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang F, Liu W, Jin Y, Dai J, Zhao H, Xie Q, Liu X, Yu W, Ma J (2011) Interaction of PFOS and BDE-47 co-exposure on thyroid hormone levels and TH-related gene and protein expression in developing rat brains. Toxicol Sci 121:279–291

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Washino N, Saijo Y, Sasaki S, Kato S, Ban S, Konishi K, Ito R, Nakata A, Iwasaki Y, Saito K, Nakazawa H, Kishi R (2009) Correlations between prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals and reduced fetal growth. Environ Health Perspect 117:660–667

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong F, MacLeod M, Mueller JF, Cousins IT (2014) Enhanced elimination of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid by menstruating women: evidence from population-based pharmacokinetic modeling. Environ Sci Technol 48:8807–8814

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada A, Bemrah N, Veyrand B, Pollono C, Merlo M, Desvignes V, Sirot V, Marchand P, Berrebi A, Cariou R, Antignac JP, Le Bizec B, Leblanc JC (2014) Dietary exposure to perfluoroalkyl acids of specific French adult sub-populations: high seafood consumers, high freshwater fish consumers and pregnant women. Sci Total Environ 491–492:170–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang JH, Kannan K, Kim S-Y, Shin I-H (2004) Levels of perfluorooctansulfonate and related fluorochemicals in human blood from the general population of Korea. Organohalogen Comp 66:4041–4045

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeung LW, So MK, Jiang G, Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Song M, Wu Y, Li J, Giesy JP, Guruge KS, Lam PK (2006) Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in human blood samples from China. Environ Sci Technol 40:715–720

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Beesoon S, Zhu L, Martin JW (2013) Isomers of perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate and total perfluoroalkyl acids in human serum from two cities in North China. Environ Int 53:9–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou Z, Shi Y, Vestergren R, Wang T, Liang Y, Cai Y (2014) Highly elevated serum concentrations of perfluoroalkyl substances in fishery employees from tangxun lake, china. Environ Sci Technol 48:3864–3874

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge volunteers who donated their blood for the study. This study was mainly supported by Grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81472936 and 81172630).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510080, China

    Xiao-Wen Zeng & Guang-Hui Dong

  2. Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA

    Zhengmin Qian & Eugene Rodemich

  3. School of Social Work, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA

    Michael Vaughn

  4. Department of Biostatistics, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA

    Hong Xian

  5. Department of Health Management and Policy, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO, 63104, USA

    Keith Elder

  6. School of Science, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China

    Jia Bao

  7. School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Ministry of Education, Dalian, 116024, China

    Yi-He Jin

Authors
  1. Xiao-Wen Zeng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhengmin Qian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael Vaughn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Hong Xian
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Keith Elder
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Eugene Rodemich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Jia Bao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Yi-He Jin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Guang-Hui Dong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guang-Hui Dong.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zeng, XW., Qian, Z., Vaughn, M. et al. Human serum levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in Uyghurs from Sinkiang-Uighur Autonomous Region, China: background levels study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 4736–4746 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3728-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3728-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation