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Extinction debt in a biodiversity hotspot: the case of the Chilean Winter Rainfall-Valdivian Forests

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Abstract

Habitat fragmentation has become a major concern of conservation because of negative influences on plant species declines and extinctions. However, local extinction of species can occur with a temporal delay following habitat fragmentation, which is termed extinction debt. Many studies about extinction debt rely on community equilibrium from relationships between species richness and habitat variables. We assumed that the distribution of many vascular plant species in the coastal range of south-central Chile is not in equilibrium with the present habitat distribution. The aim of this research is to quantify patterns of habitat loss and to detect extinction debt from relationships between the current richness of different assemblages of vascular plants (considering longevity and habitat specialization) and both past and current habitat variables. The results showed that native forests have been fragmented and reduced by 53%, with an annual deforestation rate of 1.99%, in the study area between 1979 and 2011. Current richness of plant species was mostly explained by past habitat area and connectivity. Past habitat variables explained best richness of long-lived specialist plants, which are characterized by restricted habitat specialization and slower population turnover. We also showed that habitat fragmentation has resulted in a significant reduction in long-lived plant species’ “dwelling patch sizes (DPS)” between 1979 and 2011. Our analyses provide the first evidence of predicted future losses of plant species in a South American temperate biodiversity hotspot. Consequently, an unknown proportion of the plants in the study area will become extinct if no targeted restoration and conservation action is taken in the near future.

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Acknowledgements

This study was a part of Research project 1140531 of FONDECYT (Chilean National Fond for Scientific and Technological Development). JK Noh acknowledges funding support from KOICA (Korea International Cooperation Agency), KNA (Korea National Arboretum) and CONICYT (Chilean National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research). We are grateful to Roberto Rodriguez, Ph.D., for valuable support on botanical information, Rodrigo Fuentes, M.Sc., and Dr.(c) Samuel Otavo for Land cover classification and Felipe Sáez, M.Sc. for field data collection. The experiments comply with the current laws of the country in which they were performed.

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  1. Laboratorio de Ecología de Paisaje, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Jin-kyoung Noh & Cristian Echeverría

  2. Laboratorio de Invasiones Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile

    Aníbal Pauchard

  3. Laboratorio de Cambio Global, Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador

    Pablo Cuenca

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  1. Jin-kyoung Noh
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Correspondence to Jin-kyoung Noh.

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Noh, Jk., Echeverría, C., Pauchard, A. et al. Extinction debt in a biodiversity hotspot: the case of the Chilean Winter Rainfall-Valdivian Forests. Landscape Ecol Eng 15, 1–12 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-018-0352-3

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