Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of Water Content on Dynamic Fracture Initiation of Vinyl Ester

  • Published:
Experimental Mechanics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The effects of water content on the dynamic fracture initiation of notched vinyl ester neat resin samples were examined. The samples were subjected to stress pulses generated by the impact of a projectile launched from an air gun. Two sets of samples of samples were used: the first set was conditioned in an 11 % relative humidity (RH) environment using a saturated salt solution (Lithium Chloride), and the second set was immersed in distilled water. Both sets were kept in their respective environments for 43 days. The dynamic loading conditions were kept constant to analyze the effect of water content on the dynamic fracture initiation of both sample sets. It was observed that the fracture toughness and crack-tip speed showed no significant difference despite a water content differential of 0.49 wt% between the sample sets.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Mouritz AP, Gellert E, Burchill P, Challis K (2001) Review of advanced composite structures for naval ships and submarines. Compos Struct 53(1):21–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Dreerman E, Narkis M, Siegmann A, Joseph R, Dodiuk H, Dibenedetto AT (1999) Mechanical behavior and structure of rubber modified vinyl ester resins. J Appl Polym Sci 72(5):647–657

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Jacob GC, Starbuck JM, Fellers JF, Simunovic S, Boeman RG (2005) The effect of loading rate on the fracture toughness of fiber reinforced polymer composites. J Appl Polym Sci 96(3):899–904

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Gellert EP, Turley DM (1999) Seawater immersion ageing of glass-fibre reinforced polymer laminates for marine applications. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 30(11):1259–1265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Lee SB, Rockett TJ, Hoffman RD (1992) Response of unsaturated polyester, vinyl ester, and acrylic resins to water exposure. Polymer 33(17):3691–3697

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Apicella A, Migliaresi C, Nicolais L, Iaccarino L, Roccotelli S (1983) The water ageing of unsaturated polyester-based composites: influence of resin chemical structure. Composites 14(4):387–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Compston P, Jar PYB, Davies P (1998) Matrix effect on the static and dynamic interlaminar fracture toughness of glass-fibre marine composites. Compos Part B 29(4):505–516

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Fraga AN, Alvarez VA, Vazquez A, De La Osa O (2003) Relationship between dynamic mechanical properties and water absorption of unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester glass fiber composites. J Compos Mater 37(17):1553–1574

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Stevanovic D, Kalyanasundaram S, Lowe A, Jar P-YB (2003) Mode I and mode II delamination properties of glass/vinyl-ester composite toughened by particulate modified interlayers. Compos Sci Technol 63(13):1949–1964

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Tucker R, Compston P, Jar P-YB (2001) The effect of post-cure duration on the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of glass-fibre reinforced vinylester. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 32(1):129–134

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Compston P, Jar P-YB (1999) The influence of fibre volume fraction on the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of a glass-fibre/vinyl ester composite. Appl Compos Mater 6(6):353–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Subramaniyan AK, Sun CT (2007) Toughening polymeric composites using nanoclay: crack tip scale effects on fracture toughness. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 38(1):34–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Compston P, Jar PYB, Burchill PJ, Takahashi K (2002) The transfer of matrix toughness to composite mode I interlaminar fracture toughness in glass-fibre/vinyl ester composites. Appl Compos Mater 9(5):291–314

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Weitsman YJ (1995) Effects of fluids on polymeric composites-a review. Technical report, DTIC Document

  15. Harper JF, Naeem M (1989) The moisture absorption of glass fibre reinforced vinylester and polyester composites. Mater Des 10(6):297–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Lima Sobrinho L, Ferreira M, Bastian FL (2009) The effects of water absorption on an ester vinyl resin system. Mater Res 12(3):353–361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Siriruk A, Penumadu D (2014) Degradation in fatigue behavior of carbon fiber–vinyl ester based composites due to sea environment. Compos Part B 61:94–98

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Oguni K, Ravichandran G (2001) Dynamic compressive behavior of unidirectional e-glass/vinylester composites. J Mater Sci 36(4):831–838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Hebert M, Rousseau CE, Shukla A (2008) Shock loading and drop weight impact response of glass reinforced polymer composites. Compos Struct 84(3):199–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Visco AM, Campo N, Cianciafara P (2011) Comparison of seawater absorption properties of thermoset resins based composites. Compos A: Appl Sci Manuf 42(2):123–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Visco AM, Brancato V, Campo N (2012) Degradation effects in polyester and vinyl ester resins induced by accelerated aging in seawater. J Compos Mater 46(17):2025–2040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Zukas JA (1982) Impact dynamics. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  23. Asay JR, Shahinpoor M (1993) High-pressure shock compression of solids. Springer, New York

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  24. Theocaris PS, Katsamanis P (1978) Response of cracks to impact by caustics. Eng Fract Mech 10:197–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Hamouda AMS (2002) The influence of humidity on the deformation and fracture behaviour of PMMA. J Mater Process Technol 124:238–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Wang C, Eliasson V (2012) Shock wave focusing in water inside convergent structures. Int J Multiphys 6:267–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Parziale NJ, Schmidt BE, Damazo JS, Wang PS, Hornung HG, Shepherd JE (2015) Pulsed laser diode for use as a light source for short-exposure, high-frame-rate flow visualization. In: 53rd AIAA aerospace sciences meeting. AIAA

  28. Wang C, Qiu S, Eliasson V (2013) Quantitative pressure measurement of shock waves in water using a schlieren-based visualization technique. Exp Tech. doi:10.1111/ext.12068

  29. Konsta-Gdoutos M, Gdoutos EE (1992) Guidelines for applying the method of caustics in crack problems. Exp Tech 16:25–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Beinert J, Kalthoff JF (1981) Experimental determination of dynamic stress intensity factors by shadow patterns. In: Mechanics of fracture: experimental evaluation of stress concentration and intensity factors, vol 7. Martinus Nijhoff, Hauge

  31. Konsta-Gdoutos M, Gdoutos EE (1992b) Some remarks on caustics in mode I stress intensity factor evaluation. Theor Appl Fract Mech 17(1):47–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Cheng L, Rosakis AJ, Freund LB (1993) The interpretation of optical caustics in the presence of dynamic non-uniform crack-tip motion histories: a study based on a higher order transient crack-tip expansion. Int J Solids Struct 30(7):875–897

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Office of Naval Research through Grant Number N000141310607 (Dr. Y.D.S. Rajapakse, Program Manager) and the National Science Foundation through Grant Number CMMI-1332840. The authors wish to thank Doug Loup, NSWC Carderock Division, for providing the vinyl ester specimens used in this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Southern California, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1189, USA

    O. Delpino Gonzales & V. Eliasson

Authors
  1. O. Delpino Gonzales
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. Eliasson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to V. Eliasson.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Delpino Gonzales, O., Eliasson, V. Effect of Water Content on Dynamic Fracture Initiation of Vinyl Ester. Exp Mech 56, 637–644 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-015-0028-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11340-015-0028-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation