Abstract
Introduction
Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma vivax (T. vivax, subgenus Duttonella) is a burden disease in bovines that induces losses of billions of dollars in livestock activity worldwide. To control the disease, the first step is identifying the infected animals at early stages. However, convention tools for animal infection detection by T. vivax present some challenges, facilitating the spread of the pathogenesis.
Objectives
This work aims to develop a new procedure to identify infected bovines by T. vivax using cerumen (earwax) in a volatilomic approach, here named cerumenolomic, which is performed in an easy, quick, accurate, and non-invasive manner.
Methods
Seventy-eight earwax samples from Brazilian Curraleiro Pé-Duro calves were collected in a longitudinal study protocol during health and inoculated stages. The samples were analyzed using Headspace/Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry followed by multivariate analysis approaches.
Results
The cerumen analyses lead to the identification of a broad spectrum of volatile organic metabolites (VOMs), of which 20 VOMs can discriminate between healthy and infected calves (AUC = 0.991, sensitivity = 0.967, specificity = 1.000). Furthermore, 13 VOMs can indicate a pattern of discrimination between the acute and chronic phases of the T. vivax infection in the animals (AUC = 0.989, sensitivity = 0.944, specificity = 1.000).
Conclusion
The cerumen volatile metabolites present alterations in their occurrence during the T.vivax infection, which may lead to identifying the infection in the first weeks of inoculation and discriminating between the acute and chronic phases of the illness. These results may be a breakthrough to avoid the T. vivax outbreak and provide a faster clinical approach to the animal.
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Data availability
The GC–MS raw data files (.qgd extension) are freely available on the Mendeley Data repository: https://doi.org/10.17632/66hzt799fb.1
Code availability
The datasets and R script used in this work are freely available on GitHub: https://github.com/Barbosa-JMG/Metabolomics.git
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Funding
This work was supported by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior— Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001—for fellowship to J.M.G.B. (Process Number: 88882.386430/2019-01); the research productivity Grant to N.R.A.F. and M.C.S.F. by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brazil (CNPQ Number 312280/2016-5 and 407774/2013-0); and the management of financial resources by the Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa (FUNAPE), Universidade Federal de Goiás.
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Contributions
N.R.A.F. is responsible for the original idea and the analysis conditions for the use of cerumen for clinical diagnoses in humans and animals. J.M.G.B., D.R.M., W.D.Z.L., M.C.S.F., P.H.J.C., and N.R.A.F. developed the work conceptualization, visualization, and study design. D.R.M., W.D.Z.L., M.C.S.F., and P.H.J.C. performed the biochemical exams and clinical evaluation of the animals. J.M.G.B., L.C.D., T.C.S., and D.A.F.L. realized the earwax sample collection and HS/GC–MS analysis. J.M.G.B., A.E.O., and N.R.A.F. conducted the software analysis and interpretation. J.M.G.B. wrote the original draft. J.M.G.B., L.C.D., A.E.O., P.H.J.C., W.D.Z.L., M.C.S.F., and N.R.A.F. performed the formal investigation, data curation, and writing review and editing. N.R.A.F. provided the funding acquisition and project administration. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.
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All the authors declare no conflict of interest.
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This study was approved by the ethical standards of the local ethical committee at the Universidade Federal de Goiás, Brazil (protocol numbers: 090/20 and 027/16). All applicable international, national, and institutional guidelines for the care and use of animals were strictly followed.
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Barbosa, J.M.G., de Mendonça, D.R., David, L.C. et al. A cerumenolomic approach to bovine trypanosomosis diagnosis. Metabolomics 18, 42 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-022-01901-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-022-01901-y