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Investigating the biochemical effects of heat stress and sample quenching approach on the metabolic profiling of abalone (Haliotis iris)

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Abstract

Introduction

Ocean temperatures have been consistently increasing due to climate change, and the frequency of heatwave events on shellfish quality is a growing concern worldwide. Typically, shellfish growing areas are in remote or difficult to access locations which makes in-field sampling and sample preservation of shellfish heat stress difficult. As such, there is a need to investigate in-field sampling approaches that facilitate the study of heat stress in shellfish.

Objectives

This study aims to apply a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) based metabolomics approach to examine molecular mechanisms of heat stress responses in shellfish using abalone as a model, and compare the effects of different quenching protocols on abalone metabolic profiles.

Methods

Twenty adult Haliotis iris abalone were exposed to two temperatures (14 °C and 24 °C) for 24 h. Then, haemolymph and muscle tissues of each animal were sampled and quenched with 4 different protocols (liquid nitrogen, dry ice, cold methanol solution and normal ice) which were analyzed via GC–MS for central carbon metabolites.

Results

The effects of different quenching protocols were only observed in muscle tissues in which the cold methanol solution and normal ice caused some changes in the observed metabolic profiles, compared to dry ice and liquid nitrogen. Abalone muscle tissues were less affected by thermal stress than haemolymph. There were 10 and 46 compounds significantly influenced by thermal stress in muscle and haemolymph, respectively. The changes of these metabolite signatures indicate oxidative damage, disturbance of amino acid and fatty acid metabolism, and a shift from aerobic metabolism to anaerobic pathways.

Conclusions

The study provided insights into the heat response of abalone, which could be useful for understanding the effects of marine heatwaves and summer mortality events on abalone. Dry ice appeared to be a suitable protocol, and safer in-field alternative to liquid nitrogen, for quenching of abalone tissues.

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Availability of data and material

Raw metabolite data of abalone haemolymph and muscle tissues are included in Supplementary File 2.

Code availability

Not applicable.

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful to Nick Cameron and Jeremy Cooper for providing abalone samples from the Chatham Islands. We are grateful for the technical support of the Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group members at the Auckland University of Technology.

Funding

This project was partly funded by a grant from the Tasmanian Government Abalone Industry Reinvestment Fund (2020/43) and the Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group at the Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Aquaculture Biotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand

    Thao V. Nguyen, Andrea Alfaro & Emily Frost

  2. NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Thao V. Nguyen

  3. School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand

    Donglin Chen

  4. Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Ecoscience Precinct, Dutton Park, QLD, Australia

    David J. Beale

  5. IMAS Fisheries and Aquaculture Centre, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Taroona, TAS, Australia

    Craig Mundy

Authors
  1. Thao V. Nguyen
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  2. Andrea Alfaro
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  3. Emily Frost
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  4. Donglin Chen
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  5. David J. Beale
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  6. Craig Mundy
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Contributions

TVN, CM and AA conceived and designed research. TVN and EF conducted experiments. TVN and DC analyzed samples. TVN and DB processed analyzed data. TVA wrote the manuscript. All authors edited and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Andrea Alfaro.

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Nguyen, T.V., Alfaro, A., Frost, E. et al. Investigating the biochemical effects of heat stress and sample quenching approach on the metabolic profiling of abalone (Haliotis iris). Metabolomics 18, 7 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-021-01862-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-021-01862-8

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