Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Intraspecific variation in polar and nonpolar metabolite profiles of a threatened Caribbean coral

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Metabolomics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Introduction

Research aimed at understanding intraspecific variation among corals could substantially increase understanding of coral biology and improve outcomes of active restoration efforts. Metabolomics is useful for identifying physiological drivers leading to variation among genotypes and has the capacity to improve our selection of candidate corals that express phenotypes beneficial to restoration.

Objectives

Our study aims to compare metabolomic profiles among known, unique genotypes of the threatened coral Acropora cervicornis. In doing so, we seek information related to the physiological characteristics driving variation among genotypes, which could aid in identifying genets with desirable traits for restoration.

Methods

We applied proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify and compare metabolomic profiles for seven unique genotypes of A. cervicornis that previously exhibited phenotypic variation in a common garden coral nursery.

Results

Significant variation in polar and nonpolar metabolite profiles was found among A. cervicornis genotypes. Despite difficulties identifying all significant metabolites driving separation among genotypes, our data support previous findings and further suggest metabolomic profiles differ among various genotypes of the threatened species A. cervicornis.

Conclusion

The implementation of metabolomic analyses allowed identification of several key metabolites driving separation among genotypes and expanded our understanding of the A. cervicornis metabolome. Although our research is specific to A. cervicornis, these findings have broad relevance for coral biology and active restoration. Furthermore, this study provides specific information on the understudied A. cervicornis metabolome and further confirmation that differences in metabolome structure could drive phenotypic variation among genotypes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig.  5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Acropora Biological Review Team. (2005). Atlantic Acropora status review document. National Marine Fisheries Service, (p 152).

  • Al-Moghrabi, S., Allemand, D., & Jaubert, J. (1993). Valine uptake by the scleractinian coral Galaxea fascicularis: Characterization and effect of light and nutritional status. Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 163(5), 355–362.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, E. R., Day, R. D., Loewenstein, J. M., Woodley, C. M., & Schock, T. B. (2019). Evaluation of sample preparation methods for the analysis of reef-building corals using 1H-NMR-based metabolomics. Metabolites, 9(2), 32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, R. B., & Precht, W. F. (2001). Evolutionary paleoecology of Caribbean coral reefs. Evolutionary paleoecology the ecological context of macroevolutionary change (pp. 171–233). Columbia University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, R. B., & Precht, W. F. (2001). White-band disease and the changing face of Caribbean coral reefs. The ecology and etiology of newly emerging marine diseases (pp. 25–38). Dordrecht: Springer, Netherlands.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Barott, K. L., Rodriguez-Mueller, B., Youle, M., Marhaver, K. L., Vermeij, M. J., Smith, J. E., & Rohwer, F. L. (2012). Microbial to reef scale interactions between the reef-building coral Montastraea annularis and benthic algae. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1733), 1655–1664.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baums, I. B. (2008). A restoration genetics guide for coral reef conservation. Molecular Ecology, 17(12), 2796–2811.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baums, I. B., Devlin-Durante, M. K., Brown, L., & Pinzón, J. H. (2009). Nine novel, polymorphic microsatellite markers for the study of threatened Caribbean acroporid corals. Molecular Ecology Resources, 9(4), 1155–1158.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellwood, D. R., Hughes, T. P., Folke, C., & Nyström, M. (2004). Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature, 429(6994), 827–833.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bingol, K., & Brüschweiler, R. (2017). Knowns and unknowns in metabolomics identified by multidimensional NMR and hybrid MS/NMR methods. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 43, 17–24.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blaženović, I., Kind, T., Ji, J., & Fiehn, O. (2018). Software tools and approaches for compound identification of LC-MS/MS data in metabolomics. Metabolites, 8(2), 31.

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bock, M. (2018). Pathogen Transmission Techniques and Genotypic Resistance to Disease in the Threatened Coral, Acropora cervicornis. NSUWorks, (467).

  • Boström-Einarsson, L., Babcock, R. C., Bayraktarov, E., Ceccarelli, D., Cook, N., Ferse, S. C., Hancock, B., Harrison, P., Hein, M., Shaver, E., & Smith, A. (2020). Coral restoration–A systematic review of current methods, successes, failures and future directions. PloS ONE, 15(1), e0226631.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brereton, R. G., & Lloyd, G. R. (2014). Partial least squares discriminant analysis: Taking the magic away. Journal of Chemometrics, 28(4), 213–225.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carman, G. M., & Zeimetz, G. M. (1996). Regulation of phospholipid biosynthesis in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 271(23), 13293–13296.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coppens, I., Asai, T., & Tomavo, S. (2014). Biochemistry and metabolism of toxoplasma gondii: Carbohydrates, lipids and nucleotides. Toxoplasma gondii (pp. 257–295). Academic Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Crutzen, P. J. (2006). The “anthropocene.” Earth system science in the anthropocene (pp. 13–18). Berlin: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cunning, R., Gillette, P., Capo, T., Galvez, K., & Baker, A. C. (2015). Growth tradeoffs associated with thermotolerant symbionts in the coral Pocillopora damicornis are lost in warmer oceans. Coral Reefs, 34(1), 155–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donovan, M. K., Adam, T. C., Shantz, A. A., Speare, K. E., Munsterman, K. S., Rice, M. M., Schmitt, R. J., Holbrook, S. J., & Burkepile, D. E. (2020). Nitrogen pollution interacts with heat stress to increase coral bleaching across the seascape. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(10), 5351–5357.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drury, C., Manzello, D., & Lirman, D. (2017). Genotype and local environment dynamically influence growth, disturbance response and survivorship in the threatened coral, Acropora cervicornis. PLoS ONE, 12(3), e0174000.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emwas, A. H. M. (2015). The strengths and weaknesses of NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry with particular focus on metabolomics research. Metabonomics (pp. 161–193). New York: Humana Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Emanuel, K. (2005). Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years. Nature, 436(7051), 686–688.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Emanuel, K. A. (2013). Downscaling CMIP5 climate models shows increased tropical cyclone activity over the 21st century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(30), 12219–12224.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galtierd’Auriac, I., Quinn, R. A., Maughan, H., Nothias, L. F., Little, M., Kapono, C. A., … & Hartmann, A. C. (2018). Before platelets: The production of platelet-activating factor during growth and stress in a basal marine organism. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 285(1884), 20181307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, T. A., Côté, I. M., Gill, J. A., Grant, A., & Watkinson, A. R. (2003). Long-term region-wide declines in Caribbean corals. Science, 301(5635), 958–960.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, B. R., & Leggat, W. (2010). Symbiodinium—invertebrate symbioses and the role of metabolomics. Marine Drugs, 8(10), 2546–2568.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, B. R., Leggat, W., & Motti, C. A. (2013). Extraction protocol for nontargeted NMR and LC-MS metabolomics-based analysis of hard coral and their algal symbionts. Metabolomics tools for natural product discovery (pp. 129–147). Totowa: Humana Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Goreau, T. J., & Hilbertz, W. (2005). Marine ecosystem restoration: Costs and benefits for coral reefs. World Resource Review, 17(3), 375–409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granados-Cifuentes, C., Bellantuono, A. J., Ridgway, T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Rodriguez-Lanetty, M. (2013). High natural gene expression variation in the reef-building coral Acropora millepora: Potential for acclimative and adaptive plasticity. BMC Genomics, 14(1), 1–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, J. A., Hobbs, R. J., Higgs, E., & Aronson, J. (2006). Ecological restoration and global climate change. Restoration Ecology, 14(2), 170–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartmann, A. C., Petras, D., Quinn, R. A., Protsyuk, I., Archer, F. I., Ransome, E., … & Rohwer, F. L. (2017). Meta-mass shift chemical profiling of metabolomes from coral reefs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(44), 11685–11690.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvell, D., Jordán-Dahlgren, E., Merkel, S., Rosenberg, E., Raymundo, L., Smith, G., … & Willis, B. (2007). Coral disease, environmental drivers, and the balance between coral and microbial associates. Oceanography, 20, 172–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillyer, K. E., Dias, D., Lutz, A., Roessner, U., & Davy, S. K. (2018). 13 C metabolomics reveals widespread change in carbon fate during coral bleaching. Metabolomics, 14(1), 12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollywood, K., Brison, D. R., & Goodacre, R. (2006). Metabolomics: Current technologies and future trends. Proteomics, 6(17), 4716–4723.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, T. P., Barnes, M. L., Bellwood, D. R., Cinner, J. E., Cumming, G. S., Jackson, J. B., Kleypas, J., Van De Leemput, I. A., Lough, J. M., Morrison, T. H., & Palumbi, S. R. (2017). Coral reefs in the Anthropocene. Nature, 546(7656), 82–90.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, A., & Berkelmans, R. (2010). Potential costs of acclimatization to a warmer climate: Growth of a reef coral with heat tolerant vs. sensitive symbiont types. PloS ONE, 5(5), e10437.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koelmel, J. P., Kroeger, N. M., Ulmer, C. Z., Bowden, J. A., Patterson, R. E., Cochran, J. A., Beecher, C. W., Garrett, T. J., & Yost, R. A. (2017). LipidMatch: An automated workflow for rule-based lipid identification using untargeted high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry data. BMC Bioinformatics, 18(1), 331.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuffner, I. B., Bartels, E., Stathakopoulos, A., Enochs, I. C., Kolodziej, G., Toth, L. T., & Manzello, D. P. (2017). Plasticity in skeletal characteristics of nursery-raised staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis. Coral Reefs, 36(3), 679–684.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ladd, M. C., Shantz, A. A., Bartels, E., & Burkepile, D. E. (2017). Thermal stress reveals a genotype-specific tradeoff between growth and tissue loss in restored Acropora cervicornis. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 572, 129–139.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levitus, S., Antonov, J. I., Boyer, T. P., & Stephens, C. (2000). Warming of the world ocean. Science, 287(5461), 2225–2229.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, S. L., & Maslin, M. A. (2015). Defining the anthropocene. Nature, 519(7542), 171–180.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C., Hill, R. W., & Jones, A. D. (2010). Determination of betaine metabolites and dimethylsulfoniopropionate in coral tissues using liquid chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry and stable isotope-labeled internal standards. Journal of Chromatography B, 878(21), 1809–1816.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, C. Y., Wu, H., Tjeerdema, R. S., & Viant, M. R. (2007). Evaluation of metabolite extraction strategies from tissue samples using NMR metabolomics. Metabolomics, 3(1), 55–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lirman, D., Schopmeyer, S., Galvan, V., Drury, C., Baker, A. C., & Baums, I. B. (2014). Growth dynamics of the threatened Caribbean staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis: influence of host genotype, symbiont identity, colony size, and environmental setting. PloS ONE, 9(9), e107253.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loening, N. M., Chamberlin, A. M., Zepeda, A. G., Gonzalez, R. G., & Cheng, L. L. (2005). Quantification of phosphocholine and glycerophosphocholine with 31P edited 1H NMR spectroscopy. NMR in Biomedicine: An International Journal Devoted to the Development and Application of Magnetic Resonance in Vivo, 18(7), 413–420.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lohr, K. E., Khattri, R. B., Guingab-Cagmat, J., Camp, E. F., Merritt, M. E., Garrett, T. J., & Patterson, J. T. (2019). Metabolomic profiles differ among unique genotypes of a threatened Caribbean coral. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1–11.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lohr, K. E., & Patterson, J. T. (2017). Intraspecific variation in phenotype among nursery-reared staghorn coral Acropora cervicornis (Lamarck, 1816). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 486, 87–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loya, Y., & Rinkevich, B. (1980). Effects of oil pollution on coral reef communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 3(16), 180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markley, J. L., Brüschweiler, R., Edison, A. S., Eghbalnia, H. R., Powers, R., Raftery, D., & Wishart, D. S. (2017). The future of NMR-based metabolomics. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 43, 34–40.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matyash, V., Liebisch, G., Kurzchalia, T. V., Shevchenko, A., & Schwudke, D. (2008). Lipid extraction by methyl-tert-butyl ether for high-throughput lipidomics. Journal of Lipid Research, 49(5), 1137–1146.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Maynard, J., Byrne, J., Kerrigan, K., Tracey, D., Bohnsack, K., Pagan, F., Walczak, J., Williams, G.J. & Waddell, J. (2017). Coral reef resilience to climate change in the Florida Reef Tract. Florida Department of Environmental Protection (pp 1–30).

  • Miller, N., Maneval, P., Manfrino, C., Frazer, T. K., & Meyer, J. L. (2020). Spatial distribution of microbial communities among colonies and genotypes in nursery-reared Acropora cervicornis. PeerJ, 8, e9635.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Myer, C., Perez, J., Abdelrahman, L., Mendez, R., Khattri, R. B., Junk, A. K., & Bhattacharya, S. K. (2020). Differentiation of soluble aqueous humor metabolites in primary open angle glaucoma and controls. Experimental Eye Research, 194, 108024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exer.2020.108024

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • NMFS. (2006). Threatened species: Final listing determinations for Elkhorn coral and staghorn coral. Department of Commerce. Federal Register, (pp. 26852–26872).

  • NOAA. (2018). US coral reef monitoring data summary 2018. NOAA coral reef conservation program. NOAA Technical Memorandum CRCP, 31, 224. https://doi.org/10.25923/g0v0-nm61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell, K. E., Lohr, K. E., Bartels, E., Baums, I. B., & Patterson, J. T. (2018). Acropora cervicornis genet performance and symbiont identity throughout the restoration process. Coral Reefs, 37(4), 1109–1118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pandolfi, J. M., & Jackson, J. B. (2006). Ecological persistence interrupted in Caribbean coral reefs. Ecology Letters, 9(7), 818–826.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patti, G. J., Yanes, O., & Siuzdak, G. (2012). Metabolomics: The apogee of the omics trilogy. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 13(4), 263–269.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Quinn, R. A., Vermeij, M. J., Hartmann, A. C., Galtierd’Auriac, I., Benler, S., Haas, A., Quistad, S. D., Lim, Y. W., Little, M., Sandin, S., & Smith, J. E. (2016). Metabolomics of reef benthic interactions reveals a bioactive lipid involved in coral defence. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283(1829), 20160469.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramachandran, E., & Natarajan, S. (2009). Synthesis of L-valine crystals. Crystal Research and Technology: Journal of Experimental and Industrial Crystallography, 44(6), 641–646.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Randall, C. J., Negri, A. P., Quigley, K. M., Foster, T., Ricardo, G. F., Webster, N. S., Bay, L. K., Harrison, P. L., Babcock, R. C., & Heyward, A. J. (2020). Sexual production of corals for reef restoration in the Anthropocene. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 635, 203–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ravanbakhsh, S., Liu, P., Bjordahl, T. C., Mandal, R., Grant, J. R., Wilson, M., Eisner, R., Sinelnikov, I., Hu, X., Luchinat, C., & Greiner, R. (2015). Accurate, fully-automated NMR spectral profiling for metabolomics. PloS ONE, 10(5), e0124219.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rayner, N. A. A., Parker, D. E., Horton, E. B., Folland, C. K., Alexander, L. V., Rowell, D. P., … & Kaplan, A. (2003). Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002670

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roach, T. N., Little, M., Arts, M. G., Huckeba, J., Haas, A. F., George, E. E., … & Rohwer, F. (2020). A multiomic analysis of in situ coral–turf algal interactions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(24), 13588–13595.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roach, T. N., Dilworth, J., Jones, A. D., Quinn, R. A., & Drury, C. (2021). Metabolomic signatures of coral bleaching history. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 5(4), 495–503.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rohwer, F., Seguritan, V., Azam, F., & Knowlton, N. (2002). Diversity and distribution of coral-associated bacteria. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 243, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sogin, E. M., Anderson, P., Williams, P., Chen, C. S., & Gates, R. D. (2014). Application of 1 H-NMR metabolomic profiling for reef-building corals. PLoS One, 9(10), e111274.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sogin, E. M., Putnam, H. M., Anderson, P. E., & Gates, R. D. (2016). Metabolomic signatures of increases in temperature and ocean acidification from the reef-building coral Pocillopora Damicornis. Metabolomics, 12(4), 71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suggett, D. J., Camp, E. F., Edmondson, J., Boström-Einarsson, L., Ramler, V., Lohr, K., & Patterson, J. T. (2019). Optimizing return-on-effort for coral nursery and outplanting practices to aid restoration of the great barrier reef. Restoration Ecology, 27(3), 683–693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oppen, M. J., Gates, R. D., Blackall, L. L., Cantin, N., Chakravarti, L. J., Chan, W. Y., Cormick, C., Crean, A., Damjanovic, K., Epstein, H., & Harrison, P. L. (2017). Shifting paradigms in restoration of the world’s coral reefs. Global Change Biology, 23(9), 3437–3448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vollmer, S. V., & Kline, D. I. (2008). Natural disease resistance in threatened staghorn corals. Plos ONE, 3(11), e3718.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Want, E., & Masson, P. (2011). Processing and analysis of GC/LC-MS-based metabolomics data. Metabolic profiling (pp. 277–298). Humana Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wishart, D. S., Feunang, Y. D., Marcu, A., Guo, A. C., Liang, K., Vázquez-Fresno, R., Sajed, T., Johnson, D., Li, C., Karu, N., & Sayeeda, Z. (2018). HMDB 4.0: The human metabolome database for 2018. Nucleic Acids Research, 46(D1), D608–D617.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wold, S., Esbensen, K., & Geladi, P. (1987). Principal component analysis. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 2(1–3), 37–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, C. N., Schopmeyer, S. A., & Lirman, D. (2012). A review of reef restoration and coral propagation using the threatened genus Acropora in the Caribbean and Western Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science, 88(4), 1075–1098.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhukova, N. V., & Titlyanov, E. A. (2003). Fatty acid variations in symbiotic dinoflagellates from Okinawan corals. Phytochemistry, 62(2), 191–195.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This publication was made possible by the University of Florida’s Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics through grant number U24DK097209 from the National Institute of Health’s Common Fund metabolomics program. Partial support was provided by USDA/NIFA HATCH project #FLA-FOR-005902. All the NMR works were performed in the McKnight Brain Institute at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory’s (NHMFL) Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy (AMRIS) Facility, funded by National Science Foundation Cooperative Agreement No. DMR-1644779 and the State of Florida. Corals used in this study were sampled under permit FKNMS-2016-129-A1 issued to Joshua Patterson. We would like to thank all members of the Patterson Lab for their help collecting and processing samples. Furthermore, we greatly appreciate the Coral Restoration Foundation for allowing us to sample their corals.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida/IFAS, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA

    Joseph A. Henry & Joshua T. Patterson

  2. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Ram B. Khattri & Matthew E. Merritt

  3. Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Timothy J. Garrett

  4. The Florida Aquarium, Center for Conservation, 529 Estuary Shore Ln, Apollo Beach, FL, 33572-2205, USA

    Joshua T. Patterson

  5. Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA

    Kathryn E. Lohr

  6. Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

    Joy Guingab-Cagmat

Authors
  1. Joseph A. Henry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ram B. Khattri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Joy Guingab-Cagmat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Matthew E. Merritt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Timothy J. Garrett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Joshua T. Patterson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Kathryn E. Lohr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

JH, JP, RK, MM, JG and TG designed research. JH, KL and JP collected samples. JH and KL performed metabolite extraction. RK and MM processed and analyzed samples in 1H-NMR. JC and TG processed and analyzed samples in LC-MS. JH, JP and KL analyzed data; JH, KL and JP wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Joseph A. Henry.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (XLTX 10186 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Henry, J.A., Khattri, R.B., Guingab-Cagmat, J. et al. Intraspecific variation in polar and nonpolar metabolite profiles of a threatened Caribbean coral. Metabolomics 17, 60 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-021-01808-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11306-021-01808-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation