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Path analyses define criteria that allow to reduce costs in a breeding population of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)

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Abstract

In the present study, phenotypic correlations and direct and indirect effects were estimated in a breeding population of cacao involving 22 full-sib families from 14 reciprocals and 8 direct crosses to obtain information aiming to increase selection efficiency for higher production. Path analysis was used to obtain estimates at the family level, within families, and the individual level. High phenotypic correlation coefficients were found between the total number of pods per tree and frosty pod rot incidence, with bean dry weight per tree, at the family (r = 0.91 and − 0.84, p < 0.001) and individual levels (r = 0.89 and − 0.50, p < 0.001), respectively. Path analysis revealed that the total number of pods per tree had the highest positive direct effects (0.66 to 1.05) on bean dry weight per tree expression. Likewise, indirect effects via the total number of pods per tree were important to explain the significant association of the other variables with the bean dry weight yield per tree. Variations in the correlation significance and direct and indirect effect magnitudes were observed among sample size, families, reciprocal and direct crosses, years, and bimonthly. However, beyond the influence of these, the total number of pods per tree had the greatest effects on production. These results suggest that indirect selection on the total number of pods per tree would improve selection efficiency for high bean yield in these breeding populations, accelerating and reducing costs than using a larger number of traits. The low heritability associated with the number of pods per tree might be beneficial in the second step of the selection process, considering other yield components of higher heritability as bean dry weight per pod. Also, extrapolation of the results should be done with care, considering that genetic parameter estimates are strictly valid for the population and environment studied, especially here that the number of parents used is a small sample (although important) of the parents used in cacao breeding programs.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Rosario Izapa Experimental Field (CERI) team for the data collection and phenotyping of the trials. The technical support from Francisco Javier Rodriguez Ordoñez in the field trials and her phenotyping work is highly acknowledged. The authors thank Viridiana Trejo Pastor (UNAM/FESC, México), Victor Miguel Montaño Orellana (UMSS/FCAPFyV, Bolivia), Francisco Alberto Amela (ISPG/CICIE, Mozambique)†, Thâmara Moura Lima (IFBA/EBBT, Brazil) and José de Jesús Martinez Valencia (UNAM, México) for reviewing the article and who provided helpful comments to our work.

Funding

Gratitude the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), for their interest and support in the development of this research in Mexico (Projects no. 260075 M and 2077067A). Also, for their interest in developing new productive cacao cultivars resistant to frosty pod rot since 2005. To Nestlé de México for their valuable support and funding of this study from 2008 thru to 2012 (grant no.749–08-A3). To the Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnologia del Estado de Chiapas (COCyTECH) and Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) for also funding the Project from 2011 to 2012 (project no. CHIS-2010-C10-148689). To the Program of Partnerships for Education and Training (PAEC) between the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Coimbra Group of Brazilian Universities (GCUB) and the coordination for the improvement of higher-level personnel (CAPES), for supporting the first author with a grant aid during the doctoral program. KPG was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico–CNPq.

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Author notes

  1. Uilson Vanderlei Lopes and Karina Peres Gramacho contributed equally to the work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), km 16, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45662-900, Brazil

    José Luis Solís Bonilla, Julio Alfonso Chia Wong & Karina Peres Gramacho

  2. Seção de Fitossanidade/Laboratório de Fitopatologia Molecular (SEFIT-FITOMOL), Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC), Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPEC), km 22, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45600-970, Brazil

    José Luis Solís Bonilla, Uilson Vanderlei Lopes, Julio Alfonso Chia Wong & Karina Peres Gramacho

  3. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Campo Experimental Rosario Izapa (CERI), km 18 Carretera Tapachula-Cacahoatán, Tuxtla Chico, Chiapas, 30870, México

    José Luis Solís Bonilla, Biaani Beeu Martínez Valencia & Carlos Hugo Avendaño Arrazate

  4. Seção de Genética e Biotecnologia (SEGEB), Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC), Centro de Pesquisas do Cacau (CEPEC), km 22, Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, Ilhéus, Bahia, 45600-970, Brazil

    Uilson Vanderlei Lopes & Karina Peres Gramacho

  5. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Oficinas Centrales, Av. Progreso 5, Santa Catarina, Coyoacán, 04010, Ciudad de México, México

    Alfredo Zamarripa Colmenero

  6. Universidad Nacional Agraria de La Selva (UNAS), Km 1.21 Carretera Central, Tingo María, Perú

    Julio Alfonso Chia Wong

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  1. José Luis Solís Bonilla
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Contributions

JLSB and UVL analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript, and all co-authors contributed and approved the final draft of the manuscript. JLSB, JACW, UVL, and KPG designed the analysis of trials and discussed the results. JLSB, AZC, and BBMV conducted all phenotyping activities. JLSB, AZC, and CHAA conducted the field trials. KPG and UVL were responsible for the advising of JLSB.

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Correspondence to José Luis Solís Bonilla, Uilson Vanderlei Lopes or Karina Peres Gramacho.

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Solís Bonilla, J.L., Vanderlei Lopes, U., Zamarripa Colmenero, A. et al. Path analyses define criteria that allow to reduce costs in a breeding population of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). Tree Genetics & Genomes 18, 25 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-022-01554-x

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