Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Characteristics Analysis of Metamaterial Enhanced Magnetic Induction based Underground Communication

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

India's economy is mainly reliant on agriculture and it is critical that agriculture thrives. The technologies are big, site-specific, and crop-specific, so they can only be used on broad areas. Therefore, there is a need for a technology that is smaller in size, independent of crop nature, field plot etc. Underground Wireless Sensor Network (WUSN) technology is found suitable for achieving agricultural automation. Magnetic induction methods are an effective communication technique for transferring this data. Meta-material (MM) is placed between the magnetic induction (MI) coils to extend the transmission distance range, resulting in MM enhanced Magnetic Induction (M2I). The permeability negative MM (MNG) is proposed in this paper, and 10 MHz transceiver coils are developed. The proposed MNG (\({\upmu }_{\mathrm{r}}\)<0) design has a high transmission coefficient (S21) and acts as a perfect lens when \({\upmu }_{\mathrm{r}}\) = −1. Theoretical and simulation studies are used to analyse both systems. The transmission distance is increased dramatically up to 1 m, and the transmission characteristics are improved from − 55.64 dB to − 32.04 dB, according to a performance comparison of the existing and proposed M2I systems. The study shows that using MMs in a MI coil system increases received power by 42.42% across a 1 m distance. As a result, an underground wireless communication system based on M2I can be used to effectively communicate sensor data to a farmer's mobile app via the cloud.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig.5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig.10
Fig.11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig.14
Fig.15
Fig.16

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Xin, T., Zhi, S., & Ian, F. A. (2015). Wireless underground sensor networks: MI-based communication systems for underground applications. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 57(4), 74–87.

  2. Ian, F. A., Zhi, S., & Mehmet, C. V. (2009). Signal processing techniques for wireless underground communication networks. Physical communications, 2(3), 167–183.

  3. Sun, Z., & Ian, F. A. (2009). Underground wireless communication using magnetic induction. Paper presented at: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer and Communications; 4234-4238; Heidelberg, Germany.

  4. Unnikrishna Menon, K. A., Gungi, A., & Hariharan, B. (2014). Efficient wireless power transfer using underground relay coils. Paper presented at: Proceedings of IEEE Fifth International Conference on Computing, Communications and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Hefei, China.

  5. Swathi, S., & Sakthivel, M. S. (2018). An efficient MI waveguide based underground wireless communication for smart irrigation. Paper presented at: Proceedings of International conference of the IEEE India Council (INDICON 2017), Roorkee, India.

  6. Smith, D. R., et al. (2014). Metamaterials and negative refractive index. Science, 305(685), 788–792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Breinbjerg, O. (2015). Metamaterial antennas – The most successful metamaterial technology. Paper presented at: Proceedings of 9th International Congress on Advanced Electromagnetic Materials in Microwaves and Optics (METAMATERIALS), Oxford, UK.

  8. Guo, H., Sun, Z., Sun, J., & Litchinitser, N. M. (2015). M2I: channel modelling for MM-enhanced magnetic induction communication. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 63(11), 5072–5087.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  9. Guo, H., Sun, Z., & Zhou, C. (2017). Practical design and implementation of metamaterial-enhanced magnetic induction communication. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 86, 17213–17229.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kim, G., Oh, T. K., & Lee, B. (2015). Effects of metamaterial slabs applied to wireless power transfer at 13.56MHz. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2015, 1–7.

  11. Chen, J., Ding, Z., & Zhaoyang, H. (2017). Metamaterial-based high-efficiency wireless power transfer system at 13.56MHz for low power applications. Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, 72, 17–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Cho, Y., Lee, S., Kim, D.-H., et al. (2018). Thin hybrid metamaterial slab with negative and zero permeability for high efficiency and low electromagnetic field in wireless power transfer systems. IEEE Transactions On Electromagnetic Compatibility, 60(4), 1001–1009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Lu, C., Rong, C., & Huang, X. (2018). Investigation of negative and near-zero permeability METAMATERIALs for increased efficiency and reduced electromagnetic field leakage in a wireless power transfer system. IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 61(5), 1438–1446.

  14. Guo, H., & Sun, Z. (2018). Full-duplex Metamaterial-enabled magnetic induction networks in extreme environments. Paper presented at: Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM 2018 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications, Honolulu, HI, USA.

  15. De Almeida, J. V., & Feitoza, R. S. (2018). Metamaterial-enhanced magnetic coupling: An inductive wireless power transmission system assisted by metamaterial-based µ-negative lenses. IEEE Microwave magazine, 19(4), 95–100.

  16. Zhao, C., Luo, X., et al. (2018). Accurate design of deep sub-wavelength metamaterials for wireless power transfer enhancement. Progress in Electromagnetics Research C, 83, 195–203.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Dong, Y., Li, W., & Cai, W. (2016). Experimental investigation of 6.78MHz metamaterials for efficiency enhancement of wireless power transfer system. Paper presented at: Proceedings of IEEE 2nd Annual Southern Power Electronics Conference (SPEC), Auckland, New Zealand.

  18. Pathak, V., Kumar, V., & Barik, R. K. (2018). Magnetic induction communication based transceiver coil and waveguide structure modeling for non-conventional WSN. Paper presented at: Proceedings of IEEE 9th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT), Bengaluru, India.

  19. Marwaha, A. (2016). An accurate approach of mathematical modelling of SRR and SR for metamaterials. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, 9(6), 82–86.

  20. Ranaweera, A. L. A. K., Duong, T. P., & Jong-Wook, L. E. E. (2014). Experimental investigation of compact Metamaterial for high efficiency mid-range wireless power transfer applications. Journal of Applied Physics, 116(4), 043914.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Numan, A. B., & Sharawi, M. S. (2013). Extraction of material parameters for metamaterials using a full-wave simulator. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, 55(5), 202–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Dhok, A., Sagote, I., Kumar, V., & Thote, S. (2018). Design of efficient M 2 I coil structure for underground sensor networks. Paper presented at: Proceedings of 15th IEEE India Council International Conference (INDICON 2018), 1–6, Coimbatore, India.

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work is a part of project funded by Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology (TNSCST) under the sanction number TNSCST/DST-PRG/T-AWE/VR/03/2017. The authors wish to thank TNSCST for their support.

Funding

This work is supported by Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology (TNSCST/DST-PRG/T-AWE/VR/03/2017).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electronics and Communication Engineering, SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Raagavi B, Swathi Sugumar & Sakthivel Murugan Santhanam

Authors
  1. Raagavi B
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Swathi Sugumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sakthivel Murugan Santhanam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

RB: Methodology, Software, Writing—Original Draft. SS: Conceptualization SMS: Validation, Writing – Review & Editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sakthivel Murugan Santhanam.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no potential conflict of interests.

Data availability

Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

B, R., Sugumar, S. & Santhanam, S.M. Characteristics Analysis of Metamaterial Enhanced Magnetic Induction based Underground Communication. Wireless Pers Commun 123, 1669–1685 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-09207-3

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-021-09207-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation