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EQMS: An improved energy-aware and QoE-aware video streaming policy across multiple competitive mobile devices

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Abstract

Video streaming on mobile devices necessitates a balance between Quality of Experience (QoE) and energy consumption. Given large data sizes from video, extensive amounts of battery power are required for downloading, processing, and playing each video segment. However, video quality may suffer drastically in an effort to pursue energy efficiency. In balancing these two objectives, our research incorporates advanced energy models, processor clock rates, buffer management, and network quality aware downloading. Furthermore, multi-user systems present unique challenges because the availability of network resources can vary greatly over time. We introduce an algorithm that accounts for these fluctuations and effectively balances QoE and energy consumption. Present application in LTE networks and foundations for future implementation in 5G systems are provided. We provide comparison of the performance of our algorithm with an optimal solution and show superior performance against state-of-the-art DASH-inspired algorithms. Finally, we show our algorithm gains in both QoE and energy metrics across users in large-scale multi-cell scenarios.

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Notes

  1. LG Nexus 5x Cortex-A57 is typically turned off during video streaming.

  2. Assuming all phones operate at the same discrete CPU frequencies.

  3. Specifically, QoE research participants were given a discrete 9-level rating scale, which was then averaged across users and transformed into the standard \(MOS_5\) rating range assuming continuous values between 1 and 5 [10]. Experimental values for rebuffering and resolution decrease impacts [41, 42] are derived using this \(MOS_5\) range.

  4. The impact of vibration, \(I_{u,i}^{vib}\), has been removed from the QoE equation to restrict scope.

  5. Full variables, equations, and definitions for this optimization are found in Tables 1, 2, 3 and 5.

  6. See Table 4 for explicit values.

  7. Notation: \(\lceil x\rceil = \) an integer satisfying \(\lceil x \rceil - 1 < x \le \lceil x \rceil\).

  8. An equivalent alternate formulation would invert the QoE and Energy signs and solve for the maximum, meaning QoE minus energy consumption.

  9. Explicit formula given in Table 2, taken from existing literature [10, 43].

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Funding

Research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) under grant number CNS-1815465. The datasets generated during and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. EECS, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA

    Kristina Wheatman, Mark Mahon, Thomas F. La Porta & Guohong Cao

  2. Chair of Communication Networks, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany

    Fidan Mehmeti

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  1. Kristina Wheatman
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Correspondence to Kristina Wheatman.

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Initial results of this paper have been presented at the ACM Symposium on QoS and Security for Wireless and Mobile Networks (Q2SWinet), 2020 [1].

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Wheatman, K., Mehmeti, F., Mahon, M. et al. EQMS: An improved energy-aware and QoE-aware video streaming policy across multiple competitive mobile devices. Wireless Netw 29, 1465–1484 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-022-03199-z

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