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Histone H2B lysine 122 and lysine 130, as the putative targets of Penicillium oxalicum LaeA, play important roles in asexual development, expression of secondary metabolite gene clusters, and extracellular glycoside hydrolase synthesis

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Abstract

Core histones in the nucleosome are subject to a wide variety of posttranslational modifications (PTMs), such as methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitylation, and acetylation, all of which are crucial in shaping the structure of the chromatin and the expression of the target genes. A putative histone methyltransferase LaeA/Lae1, which is conserved in numerous filamentous fungi, functions as a global regulator of fungal growth, virulence, secondary metabolite formation, and the production of extracellular glycoside hydrolases (GHs). LaeA’s direct histone targets, however, were not yet recognized. Previous research has shown that LaeA interacts with core histone H2B. Using S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) as a methyl group donor and recombinant human histone H2B as the substrate, it was found that Penicillium oxalicum LaeA can transfer the methyl groups to the C-terminal lysine (K) 108 and K116 residues in vitro. The H2BK108 and H2BK116 sites on recombinant histone correspond to P. oxalicum H2BK122 and H2BK130, respectively. H2BK122A and H2BK130A, two mutants with histone H2B K122 or K130 mutation to alanine (A), were constructed in P. oxalicum. The mutants H2BK122A and H2BK130A demonstrated altered asexual development and decreased extracellular GH production, consistent with the findings of the laeA gene deletion strain (ΔlaeA). The transcriptome data showed that when compared to wild-type (WT) of P. oxalicum, 38 of the 47 differentially expressed (fold change ≥ 2, FDR ≤ 0.05) genes that encode extracellular GHs showed the same expression pattern in the three mutants ΔlaeA, H2BK122A, and H2BK130A. The four secondary metabolic gene clusters that considerably decreased expression in ΔlaeA also significantly decreased in H2BK122A or H2BK130A. The chromatin of promotor regions of the key cellulolytic genes cel7A/cbh1 and cel7B/eg1 compacted in the ΔlaeA, H2BK122A, and H2BK130A mutants, according to the results of chromatin accessibility real-time PCR (CHART-PCR). The chromatin accessibility index dropped. The histone binding pocket of the LaeA-methyltransf_23 domain is compatible with particular histone H2B peptides, providing appropriate electrostatic and steric compatibility to stabilize these peptides, according to molecular docking. The findings of the study demonstrate that H2BK122 and H2BK130, which are histone targets of P. oxalicum LaeA in vitro, are crucial for fungal conidiation, the expression of gene clusters encoding secondary metabolites, and the production of extracellular GHs.

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Data availability

The Whole Genome Shotgun projects have been deposited in DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank under the accession number AGIH00000000 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/?term=AGIH00000000). The mass spectrometry has been deposited to the iProX (www.iprox.org) with ID: IPX0003226002. The raw data of expression profiling sequencing have been deposited in NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/). The accession number of ΔlaeA, H2BK122A, and H2BK130A is GSE142715 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE142715).

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Acknowledgements

We thank Xiuyun Wu of the State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology in Shandong University for her help in nucleosome structure analyses.

Funding

This research was funded by National Natural Sciences Foundation of China (32070077 and 32370075), the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2020QC003), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M682170).

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  1. National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China

    Xiujun Zhang & Yuqi Qin

  2. State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, China

    Xiujun Zhang, Lushan Wang & Yuqi Qin

  3. School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, China

    Xiujun Zhang & Yuhong Yang

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XZ wrote the main manuscript text, YY prepared seven figures. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

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Zhang, X., Yang, Y., Wang, L. et al. Histone H2B lysine 122 and lysine 130, as the putative targets of Penicillium oxalicum LaeA, play important roles in asexual development, expression of secondary metabolite gene clusters, and extracellular glycoside hydrolase synthesis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 40, 179 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-024-03978-0

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