Abstract
Human nutrition and health rely on edible oils. Global demand for edible oils is expanding, necessitating the discovery of new natural oil sources subjected to adequate quality and safety evaluation. However, in contrast to other agricultural products, India’s edible oil supply is surprisingly dependent on imports. The microbial oil is generated by fermentation of oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa IIPL32 MTCC 25056 using biodiesel plant byproduct crude glycerol as a fermentable carbon source. Enriched with monounsaturated fatty acid, nutritional indices mapping based on the fatty acid composition of the yeast SCO, suggested its plausible use as an edible oil blend. In the present study, acute toxicity evaluation of the yeast SCO in C57BL/6 mice has been performed by randomly dividing the animals into 5 groups with 50, 300, 2000, and 5000 mg/Kg yeast SCO dosage, respectively, and predicted the median lethal dose (LD50). Detailed blood biochemistry and kidney and liver histopathology analyses were also reported. The functions of the liver enzymes were also evaluated to check and confirm the anticipated toxicity. To determine cell viability and in vitro biocompatibility, the 3T3-L1 cell line and haemolysis tests were performed. The results suggested the plausible use of yeast SCO as an edible oil blend due to its non-toxic nature in mice models.
Graphical abstract
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated and analyzed during this study are included in this manuscript and supplementary section. For additional raw data, material will be made available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Bandhu S, Srivastava A, Ghosh D, Chaudhuri TK (2020) Yeast single cell oils from bioresources: current developments in production and applications. Curr Sustain/renew Energy Rep 7:109. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40518-020-00160-6
Bansal N, Dasgupta D, Hazra S (2020) Effect of utilization of crude glycerol as substrate on fatty acid composition of an oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula mucilagenosa IIPL32: assessment of nutritional indices. Bioresour Technol 309:123330. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2020.123330
Chawla K, Kaur S, Kaur R, Bhunia RK (2022) Metabolic engineering of oleaginous yeasts to enhance single cell oil production. J Food Process Eng. https://doi.org/10.1111/JFPE.13634
Cheah MC, McCullough AJ, Goh GB (2019) Dietary manipulations for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In: John V (ed) Bioactive food as dietary interventions for diabetes. Academic Press, Cambridge, pp 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813822-9.00005-9
Cunningham E (2015) What are n-7 fatty acids and are there health benefits associated with them? J Acad Nutr Diet 115:324. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAND.2014.11.021
Dubey AK, Podia MP (2021) Insight into the beneficial role of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum supernatant against bacterial infections, oxidative stress, and wound healing in A549 Cells and BALB/c Mice. Front Pharmacol 12:728614. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPHAR.2021.728614
Farfan-Cabrera LI, Franco-Morgado M, González-Sánchez A (2022) Microalgae biomass as a new potential source of sustainable green lubricants. Mol 27:1205. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27041205
Guo Z, Bergeron KF, Lingrand M, Mounier C (2023) Unveiling the MUFA–cancer connection: insights from endogenous and exogenous perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 24(12):9921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24129921
Jasper R, Locatelli GO, Pilati C, Locatelli C (2012) Evaluation of biochemical, hematological and oxidative parameters in mice exposed to the herbicide glyphosate-Roundup®. Interdiscip Toxicol 5:133. https://doi.org/10.2478/V10102-012-0022-5
Jinadasa BKKK, Van Bockstaele F, Cvejić J, Simal-Gandara J (2022) Current trends and next generation of future edible oils. Future foods. Academic Press, Cambridge, p 203
Joshi JR, Bhanderi KK, Patel J (2023) Waste cooking oil as a promising source for bio lubricants—a review. J Indian Chem Soc 100:820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2022.100820
Leong WH, Lim JW, Lam MK (2018) Third-generation biofuels: a nutritional perspective in enhancing microbial lipid production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 91:950. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RSER.2018.04.066
Li Z, Li C, Cheng P, Yu G (2022) Rhodotorula mucilaginosa—alternative sources of natural carotenoids, lipids, and enzymes for industrial use. Heliyon 8(11):e11505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11505
Mosmann TR (1983) Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods 65:55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(83)90303-4
Patel AK, Chauhan AS, Kumar P (2022) Emerging prospects of microbial production of omega fatty acids: recent updates. Bioresour Technol 360:127534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127534
Popova T, Ignatova M, Petkov E, Stanišić N (2016) Difference in fatty acid composition and related nutritional indices of meat between two lines of slow-growing chickens slaughtered at different ages. Arch Animal Breed 59(3):319–327. https://doi.org/10.5194/AAB-59-319-2016
Robles-Iglesias R, Naveira-Pazos C, Fernández-Blanco C (2023) Factors affecting the optimisation and scale-up of lipid accumulation in oleaginous yeasts for sustainable biofuels production. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 171:113043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.113043
Sana SU, Rahman MR, Zahid, (2022) Hepatoprotective effects of walnut oil and Caralluma tuberculata against paracetamol in experimentally induced liver toxicity in mice. Acta Biochim Pol. https://doi.org/10.18388/abp.2020_6387
Shaigani P, Fuchs T, Graban P (2023) Mastering targeted genome engineering of GC-rich oleaginous yeast for tailored plant oil alternatives for the food and chemical sector. Microb Cell Factories 22:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-023-02033-1
Shields-Menard SA, Amirsadeghi M, French WT, Boopathy R (2018) A review on microbial lipids as a potential biofuel. Bioresour Technol 259:451. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2018.03.080
Singh P, Chopra R, Garg M (2022) Enzymatic interesterification of vegetable oil: a review on physicochemical and functional properties, and its health effects. J Oleo Sci 71:1697. https://doi.org/10.5650/jos.ess22118
Acknowledgements
Authors thankfully acknowledge the Directors, of CSIR-IMTech, Chandigarh, India, CSIR-IIP, Dehradun, India, and AIIMS-Rishikesh, India, for their constant encouragement, support, and extending necessary facilities.
Funding
This work was supported by a grant from CSIR AN&B FBR grants MLP-1167 and MLP-1168; CSIR MM HCP-0054 to Debashish Ghosh.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study’s conception and design. Abhilek K Nautiyal: methodology, investigation, data curation, formal analysis, writing-original draft; Priyanka: methodology, investigation, data curation, formal analysis, writing-original draft; Pranoy Paul: methodology, investigation, data curation, formal analysis, validation, writing-original draft; Sachin Raut: methodology, investigation, data curation, formal analysis, writing—review and editing; Thallada Bhaskar: conceptualization, supervision, and project administration; Nilotpal Chowdhury: formal analysis, validation, writing—review and editing; Neeraj Khatri: conceptualization, resources, supervision, data curation, formal analysis, writing—review and editing; Debashish Ghosh: conceptualization, resources, supervision, formal analysis, visualization, fund acquisition, writing—review and editing.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Nautiyal, A.K., Priyanka, Paul, P. et al. Bioproduction of yeast single cell oil with acute oral toxicity study intended for edible oil application. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 40, 211 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-024-03976-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-024-03976-2