Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is a significant cause of typhoid fever and a major public health problem. The ability of S. Typhi to form biofilms on living and non-living surfaces results in antibiotic resistance and poses a major challenge in health care. In this study, we assessed the ability of zingerone alone and in combination with antibiotics against the motility phenotypes and biofilm-forming ability of S. Typhi. Results showed that zingerone effectively reduced the swimming, swarming, and twitching phenotypes and exhibited biofilm inhibition potential. Moreover, zingerone enhanced the antibiofilm activity of ciprofloxacin and kanamycin. Microscopic analysis revealed a thinner biofilm in the presence of zingerone, which may have enhanced the antibiofilm efficacy of the antibiotics. The microscopic analysis showed that the presence of zingerone resulted in a reduction in the thickness of the biofilm, potentially increasing the antibiofilm efficacy of the antibiotics. In silico molecular docking and simulation studies further indicated that zingerone may bind to the fimbriae subunits (FimA, FimC, FimH, and FimY) of S. Typhi and form stable interactions. These findings provide important insights into the potential of zingerone to target biofilm-associated Salmonella infections. Further research is considered a promising option for designing innovative approaches to prevent infections associated with biofilms.
Graphical abstract
Schematic representation of the role of zingerone in biofilm, motility inhibition and molecular interactions with biofilm associated proteins.
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All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article [and its supplementary information files].
Change history
22 August 2023
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03726-w
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The authors would like to thank Prem Kumar Khosla, Atul Khosla, Ashish Khosla, Shoolini University, Solan, for providing financial support and necessary facilities. This work was supported by the Vice-Chancellor scholarship, Shoolini University, India.
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KK, ID, SK, SS, DK, and LK contributed to the material preparation and data collection and analysis. KK, ID, SK, SS, DK, and LK wrote the manuscript. KK, ID, and SK conducted the biofilm related experiments, bacterial attachment, and motility experiments. SS, DK, and LK performed and analysed the molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation experiments. DK and LK reviewed, edited, and approved the manuscript. LK acted as the lead investigator and provided the necessary resources for the project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Kharga, K., Dhar, I., Kashyap, S. et al. Zingerone inhibits biofilm formation and enhances antibiotic efficacy against Salmonella biofilm. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 39, 268 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03716-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03716-y