Abstract
Central European raised bogs are unique and fragile ecosystems inhabited by specialists of higher plants, fungi, and insects. Many of these ecosystems have suffered and are still suffering due to peat harvesting and drainage. The respective specialists, so-called tyrphobionts, and their abundance can serve as good indicators of restoration processes after the disturbance. Various taxonomic groups may differ in the response to the processes. This study shows successional trends in two disturbed raised bogs compared to adjoining undisturbed reference raised bogs. During the growing season of 2019 we compared species richness of successional stages with reference sites for the following five groups of organisms: vascular plants, mosses, fungi, butterflies, and moths. After three decades of spontaneous succession, the species composition did not reach the reference site for any taxonomic group. Instead an alternative, near-natural woodland developed. The different groups of organisms exhibited very similar trends in species richness and participation of tyrphobionts. About half of these specialists occurring at the reference sites were able to colonise the disturbed sites, but mostly in low quantity. Water table and pH appeared significant environmental variables. It seems that habitat limitations play a more important role than dispersal limitations in this restoration process. More successful restoration might be possible by substantially increasing the water table in the disturbed raised bogs.
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Data availability
Average water table and pH values are available in Appendix 2. The dataset (P/A data of all species in all successional stages) generated and analysed during the current study is available in Appendix 4 to this manuscript.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
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Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Šumava National Park Administration for permission to access the study sites, Jan Altman for tree ring analysis and for dating our sites, Pavlína Matysková, Sujan Balami and Hedvika Synková for their help in the field, Táňa Štechová for her assistance with moss identification and classification, Markéta Šandová for identifying most Ascomycota fruit bodies, and together with Lucie Zíbarová for comments on the classification of tyrphobiont and tyrphotolerant fungi.
Funding
The work was funded by the Czech Grant Agency (19-15031S).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design and collected the data. All analyses were performed by KV. The first draft of the manuscript was written by KV, edited by KP and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Appendices
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Author: The analytical laboratory in Třeboň, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences.
Date of analysis: January 2020.
Water table—measured each month in 2019 (except January, February and March).
Sample | Disturbed/natural | Locality | pH | pH | Average water table |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
dest | KCl | cm | |||
S1a | Disturbed | SM | 3.41 | 2.46 | − 13.84 |
S1b | Disturbed | SM | 3.38 | 2.50 | − 14.86 |
S1c | Disturbed | SM | 3.52 | 2.56 | − 9.76 |
S1d | Disturbed | SM | 3.39 | 2.65 | − 16.08 |
S2a | Disturbed | SM | 3.59 | 2.76 | − 9.47 |
S2b | Disturbed | SM | 3.47 | 2.70 | − 25.50 |
S2c | Disturbed | SM | 3.41 | 2.59 | − 13.00 |
S2d | Disturbed | SM | 3.50 | 2.77 | − 4.81 |
S3a | Disturbed | SM | 3.62 | 3.18 | − 34.97 |
S3b | Disturbed | SM | 3.68 | 3.17 | − 35.94 |
S3c | Disturbed | SM | 3.58 | 3.09 | − 31.44 |
S3d | Disturbed | SM | 3.61 | 3.20 | − 20.75 |
J1a | Disturbed | VJ | 3.56 | 3.15 | − 21.47 |
J1b | Disturbed | VJ | 4.08 | 3.33 | − 7.19 |
J1c | Disturbed | VJ | 3.88 | 3.16 | − 15.25 |
J1d | Disturbed | VJ | 3.85 | 3.50 | − 10.78 |
J2a | Disturbed | VJ | 4.21 | 3.53 | − 22.00 |
J2b | Disturbed | VJ | 3.66 | 3.36 | − 18.76 |
J2c | Disturbed | VJ | 3.74 | 3.29 | − 25.19 |
J2d | Disturbed | VJ | 3.65 | 3.31 | − 16.38 |
J3a | Disturbed | VJ | 4.21 | 3.66 | − 28.28 |
J3b | Disturbed | VJ | 3.73 | 3.20 | − 50.00 |
J3c | Disturbed | VJ | 3.85 | 3.29 | − 28.56 |
J3d | Disturbed | VJ | 3.85 | 3.28 | − 74.86 |
Ma | Natural | MN | 3.61 | 2.80 | − 21.72 |
Mb | Natural | MN | 3.54 | 2.84 | − 17.53 |
Mc | Natural | MN | 3.54 | 2.73 | − 10.78 |
Md | Natural | MN | 3.53 | 2.85 | − 13.61 |
Va | Natural | VN | 3.59 | 2.74 | − 17.06 |
Vb | Natural | VN | 3.45 | 2.68 | − 21.11 |
Vc | Natural | VN | 3.44 | 2.67 | − 15.86 |
Vd | Natural | VN | 3.63 | 2.66 | − 11.17 |
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
The presence-absence data of all recorded species. Classification indicates a relationship to raised bogs (TB tyrphobiont; TT tyrphotolerant; O other, no relationships to raised bogs). Young, middle, and old indicate the successional stage of disturbed raised bogs (SM Soumarský Most; VJ Vlčí Jámy). Undisturbed raised bogs are MN (Malá Niva) a VN (Velká Niva).
Group | Species | Classification | Disturbed | Undisturbed | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SM | VJ | MN | VN | |||||||
Young | Middle | Old | Young | Middle | Old | |||||
Vascular plants | Agrostis canina | TT | * | * | ||||||
Agrostis capillaris | O | * | * | * | ||||||
Agrostis stolonifera | O | * | * | * | ||||||
Andromeda polifolia | TB | * | * | |||||||
Anthoxanthum odoratum | O | * | ||||||||
Avenella flexuosa | O | * | * | * | ||||||
Betula pendula | O | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||
Betula pubescens | TT | x | x | x | x | * | x | |||
Bidens frondosa | O | x | ||||||||
Calamagrostis epigejos | O | x | x | |||||||
Calamagrostis villosa | O | x | x | |||||||
Calluna vulgaris | TT | x | x | x | x | x | x | |||
Carex brizoides | O | x | ||||||||
Carex canescens | TT | x | x | x | ||||||
Carex echinata | TT | x | ||||||||
Carex leporina | O | x | x | |||||||
Carex muricata | O | x | ||||||||
Carex rostrata | TT | * | * | * | * | |||||
Cerastium holosteoides | O | * | ||||||||
Cirsium palustre | TT | * | * | * | ||||||
Dactylis glomerata | O | * | ||||||||
Deschampsia cespitosa | O | * | ||||||||
Dryopteris carthusiana | TT | * | * | * | * | * | ||||
Dryopteris dilatata | O | * | * | |||||||
Epilobium angustifolium | O | * | * | |||||||
Epilobium obscurum | O | * | * | |||||||
Epilobium palustre | TT | * | * | |||||||
Eriophorum angustifolium | TT | * | ||||||||
Eriophorum vaginatum | TB | * | * | * | * | |||||
Frangula alnus | O | * | ||||||||
Galeopsis tetrahit/bifida | O | * | ||||||||
Galium aparine | O | * | ||||||||
Galium palustre | TT | * | ||||||||
Galium uliginosum | TT | * | ||||||||
Glyceria notata | O | * | ||||||||
Hieracium lachenalii | O | * | ||||||||
Hieracium sabaudum | O | * | ||||||||
Holcus mollis | O | * | ||||||||
Hypochaeris radicata | O | * | ||||||||
Juncus articulatus | TT | * | ||||||||
Juncus bulbosus | TT | * | ||||||||
Juncus effusus | O | * | * | * | * | |||||
Juncus filiformis | TT | * | * | * | ||||||
Larix decidua | O | * | ||||||||
Lychnis flos-cuculi | TT | * | ||||||||
Lysimachia vulgaris | TT | * | * | * | ||||||
Melampyrum pratense | TT | * | * | |||||||
Molinia caerulea | TT | * | * | * | ||||||
Oxycoccus palustris | TB | * | * | |||||||
Peucedanum palustre | TT | * | * | * | * | |||||
Phalaris arundinacea | O | * | ||||||||
Picea abies | O | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||
Pinus rotundata | TB | * | * | |||||||
Pinus sylvestris | O | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||
Plantago major | O | * | ||||||||
Populus tremula | O | * | * | * | * | |||||
Potentilla erecta | TT | * | ||||||||
Prunus padus | O | * | ||||||||
Quercus robur | O | * | * | |||||||
Ranunculus repens | O | * | ||||||||
Rubus fruticosus | O | * | ||||||||
Rumex acetosella | O | * | ||||||||
Salix aurita | O | * | * | * | * | * | ||||
Salix cinerea | O | * | * | * | ||||||
Senecio sylvaticus | O | * | ||||||||
Solidago virgaurea | O | * | ||||||||
Sorbus aucuparia | O | * | * | |||||||
Stellaria graminea | O | * | ||||||||
Taraxacum species | O | * | ||||||||
Urtica dioica | O | * | ||||||||
Vaccinium myrtillus | O | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||
Vaccinium uliginosum | TB | * | * | * | * | |||||
Vaccinium vitis-idaea | TT | * | * | |||||||
Viola palustris | TT | * | ||||||||
Mosses | Amblystegium serpens | O | * | |||||||
Atrichum undulatum | O | * | ||||||||
Aulacomnium palustre | TT | * | * | * | * | * | ||||
Bazzania trilobata | TT | * | ||||||||
Brachytheciastrum velutinum | O | * | ||||||||
Brachythecium rutabulum | O | * | * | * | * | |||||
Brachythecium salebrosum | O | * | * | |||||||
Brachythecium sp. | O | * | * | * | ||||||
Bryum sp. | O | * | ||||||||
Calypogeia sp. | O | * | * | |||||||
Campylopus flexuosus | TT | * | ||||||||
Campylopus introflexus | O | * | * | * | * | |||||
Campylopus pyriformis | TB | * | * | |||||||
Cephalozia bicuspidata | O | * | * | * | * | |||||
Cephalozia connivens | TT | * | * | * | ||||||
Cephalozia loitlesbergeri | TB | * | ||||||||
Cephalozia lunulifolia | TT | * | * | |||||||
Cephalozia sp. | O | * | ||||||||
Ceratodon purpureus | O | * | * | * | ||||||
Dicranella cerviculata | TT | * | * | * | * | * | ||||
Dicranodontium denudatum | TT | * | * | |||||||
Dicranum flagellare | TT | * | ||||||||
Dicranum montanum | O | * | * | |||||||
Dicranum polysetum | TT | * | * | * | ||||||
Dicranum scoparium | O | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||
Eurhynchium angustirete | O | * | * | |||||||
Herzogiella seligeri | O | * | * | * | * | |||||
Hylocomium splendens | O | * | * | |||||||
Hypnum cupressiforme | O | * | * | |||||||
Hypnum pallescens | O | * | ||||||||
Chiloscyphus coadunatus | O | * | * | |||||||
Chiloscyphus profundus | O | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||
Lepidozia reptans | O | * | * | |||||||
Leucobryum glaucum | O | * | ||||||||
Mylia anomala | TB | * | * | |||||||
Pellia sp. | O | * | * | |||||||
Plagiomnium affine | O | * | * | * | ||||||
Plagiothecium curvifolium | O | * | * | * | * | |||||
Plagiothecium denticulatum var. denticulatum | O | * | * | |||||||
Plagiothecium laetum | O | * | * | |||||||
Plagiothecium sp. | O | * | ||||||||
Pleurozium schreberi | O | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||
Pohlia nutans subsp. nutans | O | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||
Polytrichum commune | TB | * | * | * | * | * | ||||
Polytrichum formosum | O | * | * | * | * | |||||
Polytrichum juniperinum | TT | * | * | * | * | * | * | |||
Polytrichum longisetum | TT | * | * | * | * | |||||
Polytrichum perigoniale | TT | * | ||||||||
Polytrichum strictum | TB | * | * | * | ||||||
Ptilidium pulcherrimum | O | * | * | * | ||||||
Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus | O | * | * | * | ||||||
Rhytidiadelphus triquetrus | O | * | ||||||||
Riccardia latifrons | TT | * | ||||||||
Sanionia uncinata | O | * | ||||||||
Scapania irrigua | O | * | ||||||||
Scapania sp. | O | * | * | |||||||
Sciuro-hypnum curtum | O | * | ||||||||
Sphagnum angustifolium | TB | * | * | |||||||
Sphagnum capillifolium | TT | * | * | |||||||
Sphagnum cuspidatum | TB | * | * | |||||||
Sphagnum fallax | TT | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | ||
Sphagnum fimbriatum | TT | * | ||||||||
Sphagnum flexuosum | TT | * | * | * | ||||||
Sphagnum fuscum | TB | * | ||||||||
Sphagnum girgensohnii | O | * | ||||||||
Sphagnum magellanicum agg | TB | * | * | * | ||||||
Sphagnum russowii | TT | * | * | |||||||
Straminergon stramineum | TT | * | * | |||||||
Tetraphis pellucida | O | * | * | * | * | * | ||||
Thuidium tamariscinum | O | * | ||||||||
Fungi | Aphanobasidium pseudotsugae | O | X | X | ||||||
Arrhenia gerardiana | TB | X | ||||||||
Athelia decipiens | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Athelia epiphylla agg | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Botryobasidium subcoronatum | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Clitocybe phyllophila cf | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Collybia cirrhata | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Cortinarius bataillei | TT | X | X | X | ||||||
Cortinarius biformis | O | X | ||||||||
Cortinarius croceus | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Cortinarius fulvescens | O | X | X | |||||||
Cortinarius chrysolitus | TB | X | ||||||||
Cortinarius obtusus | O | X | ||||||||
Cortinarius tubarius | TB | X | ||||||||
Dacrymyces macnabbii | O | X | X | |||||||
Dacrymyces minor | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Dacrymyces stillatus | O | X | X | |||||||
Dacrymyces tortus | O | X | ||||||||
Dacryobolus karstenii | TT | X | X | |||||||
Entoloma cetratum | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Galerina allospora | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Galerina atkinsoniana | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Galerina cerina | O | * | ||||||||
Galerina farinacea | TB | X | X | |||||||
Galerina paludosa | TB | X | X | X | X | |||||
Gorgoniceps viridula cf | O | X | ||||||||
Hebeloma incarnatulum | TB | X | X | |||||||
Hypholoma elongatum | TB | X | X | X | X | |||||
Hypholoma udum | TB | X | X | X | X | |||||
Chroogomphus rutilus | O | X | ||||||||
Kneiffiella subalutacea | TT | X | ||||||||
Lactarius rufus | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Lachnum imbecile | TB | X | X | X | X | |||||
Lachnum virgineum | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Lasiobolus sp. | O | X | ||||||||
Lophodermium picae | O | X | ||||||||
Mollisia sp. | O | X | X | |||||||
Monilinia baccarum | TB | X | ||||||||
Mycena galopus | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Mycena rorida | O | X | X | |||||||
Mycena sp. | O | X | ||||||||
Paxillus involutus | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Peniophorella pratermissa | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Piloderma sphaerosporum | O | X | ||||||||
Psathyrella tenuicula | O | X | ||||||||
Rhodocollybia prolixa var. distorta | O | X | X | |||||||
Russula emetica | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Russula paludosa | TT | X | X | |||||||
Lyophyllum palustre | TB | X | X | X | ||||||
Trechispora farinacea | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Trichaptum fuscoviolaceum | O | X | X | |||||||
Tubulicrinis accedens | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Tubulicrinis borealis cf | O | X | ||||||||
Tubulicrinis glebulosus | TT | X | X | |||||||
Tubulicrinis sp. | O | X | ||||||||
Tubulicrinis subulatus | O | X | X | |||||||
Xylodon sp. | O | X | X | |||||||
Amanita fulva | TT | X | X | |||||||
Amphinema byssoides | O | X | X | |||||||
Helotiales | O | X | ||||||||
Athelia binucleospora | O | X | ||||||||
Athelia bombacina cf | O | X | ||||||||
Auriscalpium vulgare | O | X | ||||||||
Baeospora myosura | O | X | ||||||||
Bertia moriformis | O | X | ||||||||
Bisporella citrina | O | X | ||||||||
Botryobasidium aureum | O | X | ||||||||
Botryobasidium conspersum | O | X | ||||||||
Brevicellicium exile cf | O | X | ||||||||
Calocera viscosa | O | X | ||||||||
Calycellina leucella | O | X | X | X | X * | |||||
Cistella lagenipila | O | X | ||||||||
Ampulloclitocybe clavipes | O | X | ||||||||
Clitocybe metachroa | O | X | ||||||||
Collybia cookei | O | X | ||||||||
Collybia tuberosa | O | X | X | |||||||
Coprinopsis sp. | O | X | ||||||||
Coprinopsis stercoreus | O | X | ||||||||
Cortinarius caperatus | O | X | ||||||||
Cortinarius comptulus cf | O | X | ||||||||
Cortinarius fasciatus | O | X | ||||||||
Cortinarius flexipes var. flabellus | TT | X | ||||||||
Cortinarius fulvescentoides | O | X | ||||||||
Cortinarius sect. Telamonia | O | X | ||||||||
Cortinarius semisanguineus | O | X | ||||||||
Cortinarius tenuifulvescens | O | X | ||||||||
Cortinarius umbrinolens | O | X | ||||||||
Cyclaneusma minus | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Cystoderma amiantinum | O | X | X | |||||||
Cystoderma jasonis | O | X | X | |||||||
Dacrymyces estonicus | O | X | ||||||||
Dacrymyces lacrymalis | O | X | ||||||||
Dacrymyces microsporus | O | X | ||||||||
Dasyscyphella pulverulenta | O | X | ||||||||
Diatrypella favacea | O | X | X | |||||||
Entoloma elodes | TB | X | ||||||||
Entoloma sericeum | O | X | ||||||||
Entoloma sp. 1 | O | X | ||||||||
Entoloma sp. 2 | O | X | ||||||||
Entoloma vinaceum | O | * | ||||||||
Eutypa sp. | O | X | ||||||||
Exidia recisa | O | X | ||||||||
Exidiopsis sp. | O | X | ||||||||
Exobasidium oxycocci | TB | X | ||||||||
Exobasidium vaccinii | TT | X | ||||||||
Exobasidium vaccinii—uliginosi | TB | X | X | |||||||
Flammulaster sp. | O | X | ||||||||
Galerina calyptrata | O | X | ||||||||
Galerina hybrida | TB | X | ||||||||
Galerina hypnorum | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Galerina hypnorum aff | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Galerina pumila | O | X | ||||||||
Galerina stordalii | TT | X | ||||||||
Galerina vittiformis | O | X | ||||||||
Gloiocephala caricis | TT | X | X | |||||||
Gymnopilus fulgens | TB | X | ||||||||
Gymnopus androsaceus | O | X | X | |||||||
Gymnopus aquosus | TT | X | ||||||||
Gymnopus ocior | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Gymnopus putilus | O | X | ||||||||
Gymnopus terginus | O | X | X | |||||||
Hebeloma birrum | O | X | ||||||||
Hebeloma leucosarx | O | X | ||||||||
Hebeloma mesophaeum | O | X | ||||||||
Hebeloma velutipes | O | X | ||||||||
Hemimycena mauretanica | O | X | ||||||||
Heyderia pusilla | O | X | X | |||||||
Hyaloscypha aurivella cf | O | X | ||||||||
Hyaloscypha fuckelii var. alniseda | O | X | X | |||||||
Hyaloscypha herbarum | O | X | ||||||||
Hyaloscypha leuconica | TT | X | ||||||||
Hyaloscypha paludosa | O | X | ||||||||
Hyaloscypha sp. 1 | O | X | ||||||||
Hyaloscypha sp. 2 | O | X | ||||||||
Hymenoscyphus caudatus cf | O | X | ||||||||
Hymenoscyphus sp. 1 | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Hymenoscyphus sp. 2 | O | X | X | |||||||
Hymenoscyphus vitellinus | O | X | ||||||||
Basidioradulum radula | O | X | ||||||||
Hyphoderma setigerum | O | X | ||||||||
Hyphodontia pallidula | O | X | ||||||||
Hypholoma fasciculare | O | X | ||||||||
Hypholoma polytrichi | O | X | ||||||||
Hypomyces luteovirens | O | X | ||||||||
Cheilymenia stercorea | O | X | ||||||||
Inocybe napipes | O | X | ||||||||
Inocybe subcarpta | O | X | ||||||||
Irpex lacteus | O | X | X | |||||||
Jaapia argillacea | O | X | X | |||||||
Laccaria proxima | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Lactarius helvus | TT | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Lactarius necator | O | X | ||||||||
Lactarius tabidus | TT | X | X | X | ||||||
Lactarius vietus | O | X | ||||||||
Lachnum apalum | O | X | X | |||||||
Lachnum ciliaris | O | X | X | |||||||
Lachnum clavisporum | TB | X | ||||||||
Lachnum diminutum | TT | X | X | X | X | |||||
Lachnum elongatisporum | O | X | ||||||||
Lachnum pygmaeum | O | X | ||||||||
Lachnum schoenoplecti | TT | X | ||||||||
Lachnum tenue | TT | X | X | X | X | |||||
Laxitextum bicolor | O | X | ||||||||
Leccinum bruneogriseolum | O | X | ||||||||
Leccinum variicolor | TT | X | X | X | X | |||||
Leotia lubrica | O | X | ||||||||
Lophodermium melaleucum | TT | X | ||||||||
Lophodermium pinastri | O | X | ||||||||
Marasmius limosus | TT | X | ||||||||
Melzericium udicola cf | O | X | ||||||||
Merismodes confusa | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Merulius tremellosus | O | X | ||||||||
Mollisia aquosa cf | O | X | ||||||||
Mollisia discolor cf | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Mollisia humidicola cf | O | X | ||||||||
Mollisia palustris agg | TT | X | X | X | X | |||||
Mollisia pastinaceae | O | X | ||||||||
Mollisia ramealis | O | X | ||||||||
Mollisia sp. 1 | O | X | X | |||||||
Mollisia sp. 3 | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Mycena cinerella | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Mycena epipterygia | O | * | X | X | ||||||
Mycena metata | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Mycena sanguinolenta | O | X | ||||||||
Mycena silvae-nigrae | O | |||||||||
Mycena vitilis | O | X | ||||||||
Nimbomollisia eriophori | TB | X | ||||||||
Omphalina sp. | O | X | ||||||||
Orbilia coccinella | O | X | ||||||||
Paullicortium pearsonii cf | O | X | ||||||||
Peniophora cinerea | O | X | ||||||||
Peniophorella pubera | O | X | ||||||||
Pezizella subtilis | O | X | ||||||||
Phanerochaete sanguinea | O | X | X | |||||||
Phanerochaete sp. | O | X | ||||||||
Phellinus lundellii | TB | X | ||||||||
Phialina lachnobrachya | O | X | ||||||||
Phlebia sp. | O | X | ||||||||
Piptoporus betulinus | O | X | ||||||||
Plicaturopsis crispa | O | X | ||||||||
Polyporus ciliatus | O | X | ||||||||
Psathyrella fibrillosa | O | X | ||||||||
Psilocybe inquilina | O | X | ||||||||
Psilocybe phyllogena | O | X | * | |||||||
Psilocybe turficola | TB | X | X | |||||||
Radulomyces sp. | O | X | ||||||||
Repetobasidium macrosporum | O | X | ||||||||
Collybia butyracea var. asema | O | X | ||||||||
Rickenella fibula | O | X | ||||||||
Russula amara | O | X | ||||||||
Russula amoena | O | X | ||||||||
Russula betularum | TT | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Russula clavipes | O | X | X | |||||||
Russula fragilis | O | X | X | |||||||
Russula ochroleuca | O | X | X | |||||||
Russula sphagnicola | TB | X | X | |||||||
Rutstroemia calopus | O | X | ||||||||
Scleroderma citrinum | O | X | ||||||||
Schizopora sp. | O | X | ||||||||
Sistotrema gloeocystidiatum cf | O | X | ||||||||
Sistotrema porulosum | O | X | X | |||||||
Skeletocutis amorfa cf | O | X | ||||||||
Stictis sp. | O | X | ||||||||
Strobilurus tenacellus | O | X | ||||||||
Stropharia semiglobata | O | X | ||||||||
Suillus bovinus | TT | X | X | |||||||
Suillus variegatus | TT | X | X | X | ||||||
Tapesia fusca | O | X | X | |||||||
Tapesia fusca aff | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Thelephora terrestris | O | X | ||||||||
Tomentella sp. | O | X | ||||||||
Tomentella ellisii | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Tomentellopsis sp. | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Tomentellopsis submollis | O | X | ||||||||
Trechispora antipus cf | O | X | ||||||||
Trechispora mollusca | O | X | ||||||||
Trechispora subsphaerospora | O | X | ||||||||
Trechispora vaga | O | X | ||||||||
Tricholoma fulvum | O | X | X | |||||||
Tulasnella violea | O | X | ||||||||
Typhula caricina | TT | X | X | X | ||||||
Butterflies | Anthocharis cardamines | O | X | |||||||
Aphantopus hyperantus | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Aporia crataegi | O | X | X | |||||||
Araschnia levana | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Argynnis aglaja | O | X | X | |||||||
Brenthis ino | O | X | ||||||||
Callophrys rubi | TT | X | * | |||||||
Carterocephalus palaemon | O | X | ||||||||
Celastrina argiolus | O | X | X | |||||||
Coenonympha tullia | TT | X | X | |||||||
Colias palaeno | TB | X | X | X | X | |||||
Ematurga atomaria | TT | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Gonepteryx rhamni | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Inachis io | O | X | ||||||||
Melitaea athalia | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Nymphalis antiopa | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Ochlodes sylvanus | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Papilio machaon | O | X | ||||||||
Pararge aegeria | O | X | ||||||||
Pieris brassicae | O | X | ||||||||
Pieris napi | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Pieris rapae | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Polygonia c-album | O | X | ||||||||
Thymelicus sylvestris | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Vacciniina optilete | TB | X | ||||||||
Vanessa atalanta | O | X | X | |||||||
Vanessa cardui | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Moths | Acleris aspersana | O | X | |||||||
Acleris hastiana | O | X | ||||||||
Acleris logiana | O | X | ||||||||
Acleris maccana | TT | X | X | |||||||
Acleris notana | O | X | ||||||||
Acleris rufanaa | O | X | ||||||||
Acleris variegana | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Acompsia cinerella | O | X | ||||||||
Acronicta auricoma | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Acronicta leporina | O | X | X | |||||||
Acronicta megacephala | O | X | X | |||||||
Acronicta menyanthidis | TB | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Acronicta rumicis | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Adoxophyes orana | O | X | X | |||||||
Aethalura punctulata | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Aethes cnicana | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Agonopterix arenella | O | X | X | |||||||
Agonopterix ciliella | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Agonopterix liturosa | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Agonopterix propinquella | O | X | ||||||||
Agriphila tristella | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Agrotis exclamationis | O | X | ||||||||
Agrotis ipsilon | O | X | X | |||||||
Achyla flavicornis | O | X | ||||||||
Alcis repandata | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Amphipoea lucens | TB | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Amphipyra pyramidea | O | X | ||||||||
Amphipyra tragopoginis | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Anania coronata | O | X | ||||||||
Anania hortulata | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Anaplectoides prasina | O | X | X | |||||||
Ancylis badiana | O | X | ||||||||
Ancylis laetana | O | X | ||||||||
Ancylis myrtillana | TT | X | X | |||||||
Ancylis uncella | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Angerona prunaria | TT | X | X | |||||||
Apamea crenata | O | X | ||||||||
Apamea monoglypha | O | X | X | |||||||
Apamea rubrirena | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Apamea sublustris | O | X | ||||||||
Aplocera praeformata | O | X | ||||||||
Apomyelois bistriatella | O | X | X | |||||||
Apotomis betuletana | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Apotomis capreana | O | X | ||||||||
Apotomis turbidana | O | X | ||||||||
Arctia caja | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Argyresthia albistria | O | X | ||||||||
Argyresthia glabratella | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Arichanna melanaria | TB | X | X | X | ||||||
Aroga velocella | O | X | ||||||||
Assara terebrella | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Bactra lancealana | TT | X | X | X | X | |||||
Bisigna procerella | O | X | X | |||||||
Biston betularia | O | X | X | |||||||
Biston strataria | O | X | ||||||||
Blastobasis glandulella | O | X | ||||||||
Blepharita satura | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Bryotropha galbanella | O | X | ||||||||
Bryotropha senectella | O | X | X | |||||||
Bupalus piniaria | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Cabera exanthemata | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Cabera pusaria | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Calliteara pudibunda | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Caloptilia betulicola | O | X | ||||||||
Caloptilia stigmatella | O | X | ||||||||
Calospilos sylvata | O | X | X | |||||||
Campaea margaritaria | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Camptogramma bilineata | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Capua vulgana | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Carpatolechia proximella | O | X | ||||||||
Catocala fraxini | O | X | X | |||||||
Catoptria falsella | O | X | X | |||||||
Catoptria margaritella | TT | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Cedestis gysseleniella | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Celaena haworthii | TB | X | X | X | ||||||
Celaena leucostigma | O | X | X | |||||||
Celypha lacunana | O | * | X | |||||||
Celypha rufana | O | X | ||||||||
Cepphis advenaria | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Cerastis rubricosa | O | X | ||||||||
Clepsis rurinana | O | X | X | |||||||
Clostera curtula | O | X | ||||||||
Clostera pigra | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Cnephasia asseclana | O | X | ||||||||
Cnephasia stephensiana | O | X | ||||||||
Coenophila subrosea | TB | X | X | X | X | |||||
Cochylis nana | O | X | ||||||||
Coleophora alcyonipennella | O | X | X | |||||||
Coleophora alticolella | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Coleophora caespititiella | O | X | ||||||||
Coleophora glaucicolella | O | X | ||||||||
Coleophora mayrella | O | X | ||||||||
Coleophora milvipennis | O | X | X | |||||||
Coleophora otidipennella | O | X | X | |||||||
Coleophora sylvaticella | O | X | ||||||||
Coleophora tamesis | O | X | ||||||||
Coleophora vacciniella | TT | X | ||||||||
Coleophora vitisella | O | X | ||||||||
Colocasia coryli | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Colostygia pectinataria | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Conistra vaccinii | O | X | X | |||||||
Cosmia trapezina | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Cossus cossus | O | X | ||||||||
Crambus lathoniellus | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Crambus pascuella | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Crocallis elinguaria | O | X | ||||||||
Cryphia algae | O | X | ||||||||
Cybosia mesomella | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Cyclophora albipunctata | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Cyclophora linearia | O | X | ||||||||
Deileptenia ribeata | O | X | X | |||||||
Deltote uncula | O | X | ||||||||
Denisia stipella | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Depressaria pimpinellae | O | X | ||||||||
Diacrisia sannio | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Diachrysia chrysitis | O | X | ||||||||
Diaphora mendica | O | X | X | |||||||
Diarsia brunnea | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Diarsia mendica | O | X | X | |||||||
Diarsia rubi | O | X | X | |||||||
Discoloxia blomeri | O | X | ||||||||
Diurnea fagella | O | X | X | |||||||
Drepana falcataria | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Eana incanana | O | X | ||||||||
Ecliptopera silaceata | O | X | X | |||||||
Ectropis crepuscularia | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Eilema complana | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Eilema depressa | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Eilema lurideola | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Eilema lutarella | O | X | X | |||||||
Eilema sororcula | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Elachista canapennella | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Elachista apicipunctella | O | X | ||||||||
Elachista maculicerusella | O | X | ||||||||
Elophila nymphaeata | O | X | ||||||||
Elophos vittaria | O | X | ||||||||
Enargia paleacea | O | X | X | |||||||
Endromis versicolora | O | X | ||||||||
Ennomos autumnaria | O | X | X | |||||||
Ennomos fuscantaria | O | X | ||||||||
Epermenia chaerophyllella | O | X | ||||||||
Epiblema hepaticana | O | X | ||||||||
Epinotia ramella | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Epinotia tedella | O | X | X | |||||||
Epinotia trigonella | O | X | X | |||||||
Epione repandaria | O | X | X | |||||||
Epione vespertaria | O | X | ||||||||
Epirrhoe alternata | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Epirrhoe rivata | O | X | ||||||||
Eucosma campoliliana | O | X | ||||||||
Eucosma cana | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Eudonia lacustrata | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Eudonia murana | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Eudonia pallida | O | X | X | |||||||
Eudonia truncicolella | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Eugnorisma depuncta | O | X | X | |||||||
Eulia ministrana | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Eulithis populata | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Eulithis pyraliata | O | X | ||||||||
Eulithis testata | TT | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Eupithecia absinthiata | O | X | ||||||||
Eupithecia exiguata | O | X | X | |||||||
Eupithecia satyrata | O | X | ||||||||
Eupithecia selinata | O | X | ||||||||
Eupithecia tantillaria | O | X | X | |||||||
Eupithecia tripunctaria | O | X | ||||||||
Eupithecia vulgata | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Eurois occulta | TT | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Euspilapteryx auroguttella | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Exaeretia ciniflonella | TT | X | X | X | ||||||
Falcaria lacertinaria | O | X | X | |||||||
Geometra papilionaria | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Gortyna flavago | O | X | ||||||||
Habrosyne pyritoides | O | X | X | |||||||
Hada plebeja | O | X | ||||||||
Helcystogramma rufescens | O | X | ||||||||
Hellinsia osteodactylus | O | X | ||||||||
Herminia grisealis | O | X | ||||||||
Hoplodrina blanda | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Hoplodrina octogenaria | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Hydrelia sylvata | O | X | X | |||||||
Hydriomena furcata | O | X | ||||||||
Hydriomena impluviata | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Hyloicus pinastri | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Hypatopa binotella | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Hypena crassalis | TT | X | X | |||||||
Hypena proboscidalis | O | X | X | |||||||
Hypenodes humidalis | TT | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Hypomecis punctinalis | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Hypomecis roboraria | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Chiasmia clathrata | O | X | ||||||||
Chionodes nebulosella | TB | X | X | |||||||
Chloroclysta citrata | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Chloroclysta siterata | O | X | X | |||||||
Chloroclysta truncata | O | X | ||||||||
Chortodes pygmina | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Chrysoteuchia culmella | O | X X | ||||||||
Idaea aversata | O | X | X | |||||||
Idaea biselata | O | X | ||||||||
Ipimorpha retusa | O | X | X | |||||||
Itame brunneata | TT | X | X | X | ||||||
Lacanobia thalassina | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Lampropteryx suffumata | O | X | ||||||||
Laothoe populi | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Lathronympha strigana | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Leucodonta bicoloria | O | X | ||||||||
Limnaecia phragmitella | O | X | ||||||||
Lithomoia solidaginis | TT | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Lithophane consocia | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Lithophane socia | O | X | X | |||||||
Lithosia quadra | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Lomapilis marginata | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Lomographa bimaculata | O | X | ||||||||
Lomographa temerata | O | X | ||||||||
Luperina testacea | O | X | ||||||||
Lycia hirtaria | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Lycophotia porphyrea | TT | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Lygephila pastinum | O | X | ||||||||
Lymantria monacha | O | X | ||||||||
Lypusa maurella | O | X | ||||||||
Macaria alternata | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Macaria liturata | O | X | ||||||||
Macaria notata | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Macrothylacia rubi | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Matilella fusca | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Melanchra pisi | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Mesapamea secalis | O | X | ||||||||
Mompha propinquella | O | X | ||||||||
Montescardia tessulatellus | O | X | ||||||||
Mythimna conigera | O | X | ||||||||
Mythimna ferrago | O | X | ||||||||
Mythimna impura | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Mythimna pudorina | O | X | ||||||||
Nematopogon robertella | O | X | ||||||||
Nematopogon schwarziellus | O | X | ||||||||
Neofaculta ericetella | TT | X | ||||||||
Neofaculta infernella | TT | X | X | X | ||||||
Noctua comes | O | X | ||||||||
Noctua pronuba | O | X | X | |||||||
Notodonta ziczac | O | X | X | |||||||
Odontopera bidentata | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Odontosia carmelita | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Ochropacha duplaris | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Ochropleura plecta | O | X | X | |||||||
Oligia versicolor | O | X | ||||||||
Oncocera semirubella | O | X | X | |||||||
Ortholepis betulae | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Orthonama vittata | O | X | ||||||||
Orthosia gothica | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Orthosia incerta | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Orthotaenia undulana | O | X | X | |||||||
Pandemis cerasana | O | X | X | |||||||
Pandemis heparana | O | X | ||||||||
Paradarisa consonaria | O | X | X | |||||||
Paramesia gnomana | O | X | X | |||||||
Parectopa ononidis | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Parornix betulae | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Pediasia truncatellus | TB | X | X | |||||||
Pennithera firmata | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Peribatodes secundaria | O | X | ||||||||
Perizoma parallelolineata | O | X | ||||||||
Perizoma affinitata | O | X | X | |||||||
Perizoma albulata | O | X | X | |||||||
Perizoma alchemillata | O | X | X | |||||||
Phalera bucephala | O | X | X | |||||||
Pharmacis fusconebulosa | O | X | ||||||||
Pheosia gnoma | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Pheosia tremula | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Phiaris micana | TT | X | X | |||||||
Phiaris palustrana | TT | X | X | X | ||||||
Phragmatobia fuliginosa | O | X | ||||||||
Plagodis pulveraria | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Plemyria rubiginata | O | X | X | |||||||
Pleuroptya ruralis | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Pleurota bicostella | TT | X | X | X | ||||||
Plutella xylostella | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Polia bombycina | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Polia hepatica | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Protodeltote pygarga | O | X | X | |||||||
Protolampra sobrina | TT | X | X | X | ||||||
Pterostoma palpina | O | X | X | |||||||
Ptilodon capucina | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Pyrausta despicata | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Rhopobota naevana | O | X | ||||||||
Rivula sericealis | O | X | X | |||||||
Rusina ferruginea | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |
Saturnia pavonia | TT | X | ||||||||
Scoliopteryx libatrix | O | X | ||||||||
Scoparia ambigualis | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Scoparia pyralella | O | X | ||||||||
Scopula floslactata | O | X | ||||||||
Scopula immorata | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Scopula immutata | O | X | ||||||||
Scotopteryx chenopodiata | O | X | X | |||||||
Scrobipalpa acuminatella | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Selenia dentaria | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Selenia lunularia | O | X | ||||||||
Selenia tetralunaria | O | X | X | |||||||
Smerinthus ocellata | O | X | X | |||||||
Sphinx ligustri | O | X | X | |||||||
Spilosoma lubricipeda | O | * | ||||||||
Spilosoma lutea | O | X | X | |||||||
Stenoptilia pterodactyla | O | X | ||||||||
Syndemis musculana | O | X | X | |||||||
Syngrapha interrogationis | TT | X | ||||||||
Teleiopsis diffinis | O | X | ||||||||
Tethea or | O | X | X | |||||||
Tetheella fluctuosa | O | X | X | |||||||
Thera obeliscata | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Tholera cespitis | O | X | ||||||||
Tholera decimalis | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
Thumatha senex | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Thyatira batis | O | X | X | X | X | |||||
Timandra comae | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Tinea trinotella | O | X | ||||||||
Trichopteryx carpinata | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Udea olivalis | O | * | ||||||||
Udea prunalis | O | X | X | |||||||
Xanthia icteritia | O | X | X | X | X | X | ||||
Xanthia togata | O | X | ||||||||
Xanthorhoe biriviata | O | X | ||||||||
Xanthorhoe designata | O | X | ||||||||
Xanthorhoe fluctuata | O | X | X | |||||||
Xanthorhoe incursata | O | X | X | |||||||
Xanthorhoe montanata | O | X | X | |||||||
Xanthorhoe spadicearia | O | X | X | X | ||||||
Xestia baja | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||
Xestia c-nigrum | O | X | X | |||||||
Xestia rhomboidea | O | X | ||||||||
Xestia sexstrigata | O | X | X | |||||||
Xestia xanthographa | O | X | ||||||||
Xylena vetusta | O | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||
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Vítovcová, K., Lipárová, J., Manukjanová, A. et al. Biodiversity restoration of formerly extracted raised bogs: vegetation succession and recovery of other trophic groups. Wetlands Ecol Manage 30, 207–237 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-021-09847-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-021-09847-z