Abstract
The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) of North America has experienced extreme changes in wetland habitat due to proliferation of invasive plants. Typha × glauca is a highly competitive hybrid between native T. latifolia and non-native T. angustifolia, and it is likely the predominant taxon in PPR wetlands. Genetics-based studies are limited, and distributions are poorly known for the first-generation (F1) hybrid and advanced-generation hybrids from F1 mating. Information pertaining to the distribution of T. × glauca could benefit efforts to understand the mechanisms of its spread and to develop management strategies to limit hybrid expansion and preserve progenitors. We used microsatellite markers of field-collected tissue samples from 131 wetlands spread over approximately 350,000 km2 in the PPR to assess the distribution of hybrid T. × glauca relative to its parental species and to examine the prevalence of F1 hybrids and advanced-generation hybrids. Typha × glauca was found in over 80% of wetlands throughout the PPR, compared to 26 and 18% of wetlands with T. latifolia and T. angustifolia, respectively. Advanced-generation hybrids were more common than F1 hybrids, suggesting that hybridization is not a recent phenomenon. Hybrids were significantly taller than T. latifolia, indicating heterosis. Only 7% of sampled individual genets were pure T. latifolia. These results suggest that T. × glauca is pervasive throughout the PPR and may spread independently of both parents. In addition, limited prevalence of native T. latifolia indicates the need for active management to preserve the species.
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Data availability
Raw data from the U.S. study are available as a U.S. Geological Survey data release (Tangen et al. 2021). The remaining raw data are available from the corresponding author on request.
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Acknowledgements
We thank M. Iversen, M. Kolasa, S. Schultz, C. White, and L. Bond for laboratory assistance, K. Henders and D. Greisbach for fieldwork assistance, and Deborah Buhl for statistical guidance. We thank Dustin Toy, Douglas Wilcox, and one anonymous reviewer for comments on previous versions of this manuscript. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
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This research was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey Ecosystems Mission Area, Land Change Science Research and Development Program, the Natural Science and Environment Research Council of Canada, and Ducks Unlimited Canada, Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research.
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design, material preparation, and data collection. Analyses were performed by Brian Tangen. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Brian Tangen and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Tangen, B.A., Bansal, S., Freeland, J.R. et al. Distributions of native and invasive Typha (cattail) throughout the Prairie Pothole Region of North America. Wetlands Ecol Manage 30, 1–17 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-021-09823-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-021-09823-7