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Black Carbon vs Carbon Monoxide: Assessing the Impact on Indian Urban Cities

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Abstract

In this study, we concurrently determined the combined ratio of black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) in two distinct cities in eastern India: Jamshedpur (JSR) and Kharagpur (KGP). The investigation spanned from October 2019 to January 2020, revealing BC mass concentrations of 10.06 (± 1.59) µg m−3 in JSR and 5.49 (± 1.15) µg m−3 in KGP. Additionally, the average CO concentrations measured were approximately 913.63 (± 217.85) ppbv in JSR and 507.31 (± 125.06) ppbv in KGP. Analysis of GIOVANNI NASA satellite data highlighted elevated concentrations of BC and CO in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), the foothills of the central Himalayas, and the eastern region of India. Utilizing diagnostic ratio analysis to attribute the sources of BC, we found that wood-burning contributed more significantly to the BC levels in KGP compared to JSR. The higher overall aerosol concentration in JSR was attributed to the prevalence of numerous industries and heavy traffic. Pearson correlation analysis indicated substantial correlations between BC–CO and BC–PM2.5, with correlation coefficients of r2 = 0.65 and r2 > 0.96, respectively. These results underscore the need for significant changes to be implemented, such as transitioning to alternative appliances that do not rely on fossil fuels. By adopting cleaner and more sustainable energy sources, we can effectively mitigate the adverse impacts of BC, PM2.5, and CO emissions on air quality and public health. Air back-trajectory analysis unveiled the predominant northward transmission of pollution from northern India. Additionally, air masses originating from neighboring countries such as Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Bhutan also contributed to the pollution levels. Health risk assessments revealed estimated non-cancerous particulate health risks (Npsc) ranging from 6.27 to 25.6 in JSR and 2.02 to 8.28 in KGP, emphasizing potential health implications associated with BC exposure in the two cities.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank GIOVANNI earth data analysis and the Meteorological Data Explorer (METEX) for the provided data for the provision of trajectory, developed by CGER, Japan (http://db.cger.nies.go.jp/metex/trajectory.html). The Meteorological parameters such as temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity were also taken into consideration during the study (https://www.worldweatheronline.com).

Funding

This work is KSU funded from the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R355), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, 831014, India

    Balram Ambade & Dilip Kumar Mahato

  2. Department of Chemistry, G H Raisoni University, Amravati, Maharashtra, 444701, India

    Tapan Kumar Sankar

  3. Division of Civil Engineering, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 114, India

    Sneha Gautam

  4. Water Institute, A Centre of Excellence, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641 114, India

    Sneha Gautam

  5. Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, 263001, India

    Umesh Chandra Dumka

  6. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Faruq Mohammad & Hamad A. Al-Lohedan

  7. College of Sciences and Engineering, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA, 70813, USA

    Ahmed A. Soleiman

  8. Department of Physics, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India

    Alok Sagar Gautam

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  1. Balram Ambade
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Contributions

Balram Ambade and Tapan Kumar Sankar did the experimental work and wrote the original draft. Dilip Kumar Mahato, Umesh Chandra Dumka, and Lokesh K. Sahu validated the results. Sneha Gautam and Alok Sagar Gautam did the editing and theoretical analysis. Balram Ambade, Sneha Gautam, and Tapan Kumar Sankar conceptualized and designed the methodology and reviewed and edited the manuscript. Faruq Mohammad, Hamad A. Al-Lohedan, and Ahmed A Soleiman have provided funds and technical support to the study.

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Correspondence to Balram Ambade or Sneha Gautam.

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Ambade, B., Sankar, T.K., Gautam, S. et al. Black Carbon vs Carbon Monoxide: Assessing the Impact on Indian Urban Cities. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 710 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06706-w

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