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Heavy Metal Phytoremediation Potential of Vetiver Grass and Indian Mustard Update on Enhancements and Research Opportunities

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Abstract

Heavy metal pollution in the environment compromises environmental quality and human health. Phytoremediation is an innovative, green, and affordable technique that uses plants for the removal of contaminants from soil and water. Finding suitable plants that can adequately remove heavy metals from both soil and water has been a research hotspot in recent years, and there has been a rapid development in research on the use of high biomass producing crops for this purpose. Vetiver grass and Indian mustard have emerged as plants that are effective for phytoremediation and can serve other purposes during and after their use in phytoremediation. These plants are applicable in many areas because they can tolerate varied climatic conditions, thrive on degraded lands and contaminated water bodies, are easy to cultivate, and produce high biomass. This review article evaluates the phytoremediation potential of vetiver grass and Indian mustard by providing a synthesis of studies that have investigated their use for this purpose. The review considered research articles from the past 21 years and highlights the status and possible advancements in the efficient use of these plants for the remediation of heavy metal–contaminated sites. This work is of importance because phytoremediation is still undergoing immense research to promote its applicability and acceptability. Thus, it gives information on two important plants that are very useful for phytoremediation.

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Funding

Funding was provided by the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences Central Research Fund, University of the Free State.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Environmental Management, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

    B. O. Otunola, M. Thwala & O. O. Ololade

  2. Department of Soil, Crop and Climate Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa

    M. P. Aghoghovwia

  3. Science Advisory and Strategic Partnerships, Academy of Science of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa

    M. Thwala

  4. Department of Environmental Health, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, South Africa

    M. Thwala

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  1. B. O. Otunola
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  2. M. P. Aghoghovwia
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  3. M. Thwala
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  4. O. O. Ololade
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Contributions

Beatrice Omonike Otunola, Makhosazana Aghoghovwia, Melusi Thwala, and Olusola Oluwayemisi Ololade contributed to the study conception. Study design, literature search, and data analysis were performed by Beatrice Omonike Otunola. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Beatrice Omonike Otunola. All authors revised and commented on previous versions of the manuscript and approved the final manuscript.

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Otunola, B.O., Aghoghovwia, M.P., Thwala, M. et al. Heavy Metal Phytoremediation Potential of Vetiver Grass and Indian Mustard Update on Enhancements and Research Opportunities. Water Air Soil Pollut 233, 154 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05620-x

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