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Ecotoxicological Assessment and Environmental Risk of the Insecticide Chlorpyrifos for Aquatic Neotropical Indicators

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Abstract

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is an organophosphorus insecticide detected in aquatic environments considered harmful to living beings. The aim of this research was to evaluate the ecotoxicity of CPF for neotropical aquatic organisms of distinct trophic levels (Lemna minor, Azolla caroliniana, and Wolffia brasiliensis macrophytes; Pomacea canaliculata snail; Macrobrachium acanthurus shrimp; Xiphophorus maculatus and Hyphessobrycon eques fish), to verify the risk of environmental poisoning for each organism, and to determine the best bioindicator species of aquatic contamination by the insecticide. Ecotoxicological assays were carried out with different concentrations of CPF under controlled laboratory conditions standardized for each species. IC50;7d, LC50;7d, EC50;48h, and LC50;48h values were calculated using the Trimmed Spearman Karber software with 95% confidence limits. The toxicity data were used to classify the CPF according to the ecotoxicity categories for aquatic organisms. The risk of CPF environmental poisoning was determined by the quotient method considering different environmental scenarios. The sensitivity order of neotropical aquatic organisms to chlorpyrifos was Macrobrachium acanthurus (0.002 mg L−1) > Xiphophorus maculatus (0.07 mg L−1) > Hyphessobrycon eques (1.65 mg L−1) > Pomacea canaliculata (30.66 mg L−1) > Azolla caroliniana (849.72 mg L−1) > Wolffia brasiliensis (1271.63 mg L−1) = Lemna minor (1299.60 mg L−1). The risk of poisoning by chlorpyriphos may vary according to the environmental concentration of the insecticide and the exposed trophic level. The best bioindicator and with the greatest risk of environmental poisoning was shrimp. The difference in CPF ecotoxicity for distinct aquatic trophic levels shows the relevance of evaluating the effects of contaminants considering food chains and highlights the importance of studying these levels in environmental monitoring programs.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Pesticide Efficacy of the Barretos—Brazil for the laboratory support necessary for this research.

Funding

This study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brazil (CAPES) - Finance Code 001.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Ave. Brasil Sul, Number 56, Ilha Solteira, SP, 15385-000, Brazil

    Márjori Brenda Leite Marques & Juliana Heloisa Pinê Américo-Pinheiro

  2. Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Pesticide Efficacy of the Barretos Educational Foundation, Ave. Prof. Roberto Frade Monte, Number 389, Barretos, SP, 14783-226, Brazil

    Isabella Alves Brunetti, Camila Aparecida Faleiros & Claudinei da Cruz

  3. Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada, 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, N.L., Mexico

    Hafiz M. N. Iqbal

  4. School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, 223003, China

    Muhammad Bilal

  5. Brazil University, Street Carolina Fonseca, Number 584, São Paulo, SP, 08230-030, Brazil

    Juliana Heloisa Pinê Américo-Pinheiro

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  1. Márjori Brenda Leite Marques
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  2. Isabella Alves Brunetti
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Contributions

MBLM: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Investigation, Resources, Writing—Original Draft, Writing—Review & Editing, Funding acquisition. IAB: Investigation, Resources, Methodology. CAF: Investigation, Resources, Methodology. CdC: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Formal analysis, Data Curation, Funding acquisition, Writing—Original Draft, Project administration. HMNI: Writing—Original Draft, Writing—Review & Editing, Visualization. MB: Writing—Original Draft, Writing—Review & Editing, Visualization. JHPA-P: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data Curation, Writing—Original Draft, Writing—Review & Editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration.

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Correspondence to Juliana Heloisa Pinê Américo-Pinheiro.

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Marques, M.B.L., Brunetti, I.A., Faleiros, C.A. et al. Ecotoxicological Assessment and Environmental Risk of the Insecticide Chlorpyrifos for Aquatic Neotropical Indicators. Water Air Soil Pollut 232, 428 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05369-9

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