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Biodegradation of Fipronil: Transformation Products, Microbial Characterisation and Toxicity Assessment

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Abstract

Fipronil is a highly active, broad spectrum insecticide with increasing and wide use. The degradation of fipronil was studied in Brazilian soil under oxic and anoxic conditions. Under oxic conditions, the half-life of fipronil was 16.9 days, with fipronil sulfone as the main metabolite, and no further degradation during 30 days of incubation. This degradation was accompanied by an increase of bacterial and archaeal ammonia oxidizers, as well as denitrifiers, and microorganisms related to Sphingomonas. Under anoxic conditions, a half-life of 15.7 days for fipronil was obtained, with fipronil sulphide as the primary metabolite, and fipronil sulfone at lower concentrations, with no further degradation of these metabolites during 90 days of incubation. In these conditions, complete degradation of fipronil was accompanied by an increase of denitrifiers, iron-reducers and ammonia oxidizers and selection of microorganisms that are related to uncultured Clostridiales (family VIII). Sulphate reducers and methanogens and most of the microbial community were not affected by fipronil and its metabolites. Toxicity evaluation, using in vitro effect-based CALUX assays confirmed that the metabolites have a similar toxic potency as compared to the parent compound fipronil. Therefore, the potential (eco)toxicity of fipronil does not seem to decrease upon microbial degradation.

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Funding

This work was supported by a BE-Basic Foundation grant from the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and a grant from the Brazilian FAPESP organization (2012/51496-3). The scholarship of Rafaella Tomazini was supported by Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel – CAPES.

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  1. Laboratory of Environmental Biogeochemistry, Nucleus of Diagnoses and Environmental Interventions, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos – UFSCar, Via Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, 13,565-905, Brazil

    Rafaela Tomazini, Guilherme M. Grosseli, Pedro S. Fadini & Antonio Mozetto

  2. Institute of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, Encruzilhada, Santos, SP, 11070-102, Brazil

    Flavia T. Saia, Raiane G. M. de Oliveira & Gustavo B. Gregoracci

  3. Department of Subsurface and Groundwater Systems, Deltares, PO Box 85467, 3508 AL, Utrecht, The Netherlands

    Bas van der Zaan

  4. BioDetection Systems b.v., Science Park 406, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

    Barbara M.A. van Vugt-Lussenburg & Abraham Brouwer

  5. Department of Animal Ecology, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Abraham Brouwer

  6. Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 17, 6700 EV, Wageningen, The Netherlands

    Alette A.M. Langenhoff

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  1. Rafaela Tomazini
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Correspondence to Flavia T. Saia.

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Tomazini, R., Saia, F.T., van der Zaan, B. et al. Biodegradation of Fipronil: Transformation Products, Microbial Characterisation and Toxicity Assessment. Water Air Soil Pollut 232, 123 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-05071-w

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