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Accumulation of Potentially Toxic Elements in Viola L. (Sect. Melanium Ging.) from the Ultramafic and Non-ultramafic Soils of the Balkan Peninsula

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Abstract

The aim of the present study was to assess the metal concentrations in five species of the genus Viola L. (section Melanium) from 12 ultramafic outcrops and two non-ultramafic (prolluvium and dolomite) soils from Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The concentrations of P2O5, K2O, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Co, Cd and Pb in soils and plant samples, as well as their shoot-to-root ratio, biological concentration and accumulation factors were determined. Five investigated Viola species growing on 14 different localities displayed considerable differences in concentration of potentially toxic elements in their roots and its accumulation in their shoots. Viola kopaonikensis and V. beckiana from ultramafic soils could be classified as strong Ni accumulators, since moderately high level of Ni was measured in their shoots (up to 266 mg kg−1 and 337 mg kg−1, respectively), while in V. tricolor high amount of the same element was accumulated in the roots (up to 395 mg kg−1). Population of V. beckiana from dolomitic site in Bosnia and Herzegovina accumulated high concentrations of Pb in the shoots (67.1 mg kg−1), as well as of Cd in both roots and shoots (81.1 mg kg−1 and 60.5 mg kg−1). The results also suggest that V. kopaonikensis populations from the ultramafic soils of Serbia emerge as Cr accumulators, which is quite rare trait within the genus Viola. It seems that species from Melanium section apply quite different strategies against toxic elements. Future studies should strive to explain what adaptive mechanisms are hidden behind it.

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Data Availability

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Acknowledgments

The Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia supported this research.

Funding

This work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (number 451–03-68/2020–14/ 200178).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia

    Gordana Tomović & Ksenija Jakovljević

  2. Faculty of Agriculture, University of Niš, Kruševac, 37000, Serbia

    Sanja Đurović

  3. Natural History Museum, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia

    Uroš Buzurović & Marjan Niketić

  4. Faculty of Forestry, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, 78000, Bosnia and Herzegovina

    Đorđije Milanović

  5. Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy – INEP, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, 11080, Serbia

    Nevena Mihailović

Authors
  1. Gordana Tomović
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  2. Sanja Đurović
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  3. Uroš Buzurović
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  4. Marjan Niketić
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  5. Đorđije Milanović
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  6. Nevena Mihailović
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  7. Ksenija Jakovljević
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Contributions

Ksenija Jakovljević and Gordana Tomović participated in the study design, collecting the material, data analysis and interpretation and manuscript preparation. Sanja Djurović and Uroš Buzurović participated in collecting of material and sample preparation. Marjan Niketić and Đorđije Milanović participated in material collecting. Nevena Mihailović participated in sample analysis.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ksenija Jakovljević.

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Supplementary Information

Online Resource 1

Analysis of variance of pH, % of organic C and concentrations (mg kg−1) of P2O5, K2O, Ca, Mg, Ca/Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd and Co between different: A) soil samples; and B) geological substrates (DOCX 15 kb)

Online Resource 2

Correlation matrix between concentrations of analyzed elements in the soil and plant tissue samples of five Viola species (XLSX 40 kb)

Online Resource 3

Analysis of variance of concentrations (mg kg−1) of P2O5, K2O, Ca, Mg, Ca/Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd and Co between different: A) plant samples; B) species; and C) geological substrates (DOCX 16 kb)

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Tomović, G., Đurović, S., Buzurović, U. et al. Accumulation of Potentially Toxic Elements in Viola L. (Sect. Melanium Ging.) from the Ultramafic and Non-ultramafic Soils of the Balkan Peninsula. Water Air Soil Pollut 232, 46 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-04992-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-021-04992-w

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